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+/* @(#)s_cbrt.c 5.1 93/09/24 */
+/*
+ * ====================================================
+ * Copyright (C) 1993 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Developed at SunPro, a Sun Microsystems, Inc. business.
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
+ * software is freely granted, provided that this notice
+ * is preserved.
+ * ====================================================
+ *
+ * Optimized by Bruce D. Evans.
+ */
+
+#ifndef lint
+static char rcsid[] = "$FreeBSD: src/lib/msun/src/s_cbrt.c,v 1.10 2005/12/13 20:17:23 bde Exp $";
+#endif
+
+#include "math.h"
+#include "math_private.h"
+
+/* cbrt(x)
+ * Return cube root of x
+ */
+static const u_int32_t
+ B1 = 715094163, /* B1 = (1023-1023/3-0.03306235651)*2**20 */
+ B2 = 696219795; /* B2 = (1023-1023/3-54/3-0.03306235651)*2**20 */
+
+static const double
+C = 5.42857142857142815906e-01, /* 19/35 = 0x3FE15F15, 0xF15F15F1 */
+D = -7.05306122448979611050e-01, /* -864/1225 = 0xBFE691DE, 0x2532C834 */
+E = 1.41428571428571436819e+00, /* 99/70 = 0x3FF6A0EA, 0x0EA0EA0F */
+F = 1.60714285714285720630e+00, /* 45/28 = 0x3FF9B6DB, 0x6DB6DB6E */
+G = 3.57142857142857150787e-01; /* 5/14 = 0x3FD6DB6D, 0xB6DB6DB7 */
+
+double
+cbrt(double x)
+{
+ int32_t hx;
+ double r,s,t=0.0,w;
+ u_int32_t sign;
+ u_int32_t high,low;
+
+ GET_HIGH_WORD(hx,x);
+ sign=hx&0x80000000; /* sign= sign(x) */
+ hx ^=sign;
+ if(hx>=0x7ff00000) return(x+x); /* cbrt(NaN,INF) is itself */
+ GET_LOW_WORD(low,x);
+ if((hx|low)==0)
+ return(x); /* cbrt(0) is itself */
+
+ /*
+ * Rough cbrt to 5 bits:
+ * cbrt(2**e*(1+m) ~= 2**(e/3)*(1+(e%3+m)/3)
+ * where e is integral and >= 0, m is real and in [0, 1), and "/" and
+ * "%" are integer division and modulus with rounding towards minus
+ * infinity. The RHS is always >= the LHS and has a maximum relative
+ * error of about 1 in 16. Adding a bias of -0.03306235651 to the
+ * (e%3+m)/3 term reduces the error to about 1 in 32. With the IEEE
+ * floating point representation, for finite positive normal values,
+ * ordinary integer divison of the value in bits magically gives
+ * almost exactly the RHS of the above provided we first subtract the
+ * exponent bias (1023 for doubles) and later add it back. We do the
+ * subtraction virtually to keep e >= 0 so that ordinary integer
+ * division rounds towards minus infinity; this is also efficient.
+ */
+ if(hx<0x00100000) { /* subnormal number */
+ SET_HIGH_WORD(t,0x43500000); /* set t= 2**54 */
+ t*=x;
+ GET_HIGH_WORD(high,t);
+ SET_HIGH_WORD(t,sign|((high&0x7fffffff)/3+B2));
+ } else
+ SET_HIGH_WORD(t,sign|(hx/3+B1));
+
+ /* new cbrt to 23 bits; may be implemented in single precision */
+ r=t*t/x;
+ s=C+r*t;
+ t*=G+F/(s+E+D/s);
+
+ /* chop t to 20 bits and make it larger in magnitude than cbrt(x) */
+ GET_HIGH_WORD(high,t);
+ INSERT_WORDS(t,high+0x00000001,0);
+
+ /* one step Newton iteration to 53 bits with error less than 0.667 ulps */
+ s=t*t; /* t*t is exact */
+ r=x/s;
+ w=t+t;
+ r=(r-t)/(w+r); /* r-t is exact */
+ t=t+t*r;
+
+ return(t);
+}