Overhaul JSON Schema Compiler to support a number of features required to

support the full range of JSON/IDL features, improve the interface of generated
code, and improve generated code formatting, notably:
 * Make "choices" generate a struct containing each possible type, rather than
   multiple fields with different names plus and enum. This makes it possible
   to embed choices inside containers - notably within arrays (as in bug).
   It also improves optional choices detection.
 * Remove the Any C++ type generated by "any", and model it as a base::Value.
 * Make "additionalProperties" generated a std::map with the actual types as
   values, rather than just a DictionaryValue forcing callers to extract types.
 * Fix enum naming, it was unnecessarily including the namespace as a prefix.

R=yoz@chromium.org
BUG=162044

Review URL: https://codereview.chromium.org/11827026

git-svn-id: svn://svn.chromium.org/chrome/trunk/src@177361 0039d316-1c4b-4281-b951-d872f2087c98

32 files changed, 1243 insertions, 1734 deletions

diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/any.cc b/tools/json_schema_compiler/any.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index cd4e5c3..0000000
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/any.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
-// found in the LICENSE file.
-
-#include "tools/json_schema_compiler/any.h"
-
-#include "base/logging.h"
-#include "base/values.h"
-
-namespace json_schema_compiler {
-namespace any {
-
-Any::Any() {}
-
-Any::Any(scoped_ptr<base::Value> from_value)
-    : value_(from_value.Pass()) {
-}
-
-Any::~Any() {}
-
-void Any::Init(const base::Value& from_value) {
-  CHECK(!value_.get());
-  value_.reset(from_value.DeepCopy());
-}
-
-const base::Value& Any::value() const {
-  CHECK(value_.get());
-  return *value_;
-}
-
-}  // namespace any
-}  // namespace json_schema_compiler
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/any.h b/tools/json_schema_compiler/any.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 83b84d6..0000000
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/any.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
-// found in the LICENSE file.
-
-#ifndef TOOLS_JSON_SCHEMA_COMPILER_ANY_H__
-#define TOOLS_JSON_SCHEMA_COMPILER_ANY_H__
-
-#include "base/basictypes.h"
-#include "base/memory/scoped_ptr.h"
-
-namespace base {
-class Value;
-}
-
-namespace json_schema_compiler {
-namespace any {
-
-// Represents an "any" type in JSON schema as a wrapped Value.
-class Any {
- public:
-  Any();
-  explicit Any(scoped_ptr<base::Value> from_value);
-  ~Any();
-
-  // Initializes the Value in this Any. Fails if already initialized.
-  void Init(const base::Value& from_value);
-
-  // Get the Value from this Any.
-  const base::Value& value() const;
-
- private:
-  scoped_ptr<base::Value> value_;
-
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Any);
-};
-
-}  // namespace any
-}  // namespace json_schema_compiler
-
-#endif // TOOLS_JSON_SCHEMA_COMPILER_ANY_H__
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/any_helper.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/any_helper.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a087ffd..0000000
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/any_helper.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
-# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
-# found in the LICENSE file.
-
-ANY_NAMESPACE = 'json_schema_compiler::any'
-ANY_CLASS = ANY_NAMESPACE + '::Any'
-
-class AnyHelper(object):
-  """A util class that generates code that uses
-  tools/json_schema_compiler/any.cc.
-  """
-  def Init(self, any_prop, src, dst):
-    """Initialize |dst|.|any_prop| to |src|.
-
-    src: Value*
-    dst: Type*
-    """
-    if any_prop.optional:
-      return '%s->%s->Init(*%s)' % (dst, any_prop.unix_name, src)
-    else:
-      return '%s->%s.Init(*%s)' % (dst, any_prop.unix_name, src)
-
-  def GetValue(self, any_prop, var):
-    """Get |var| as a const Value&.
-
-    var: Any* or Any
-    """
-    if any_prop.optional:
-      return '%s->value()' % var
-    else:
-      return '%s.value()' % var
-
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/api_gen_util.gyp b/tools/json_schema_compiler/api_gen_util.gyp
index b1c220d..54966cc 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/api_gen_util.gyp
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/api_gen_util.gyp
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
     'target_name': 'api_gen_util',
     'type': 'static_library',
     'sources': [
-        'any.cc',
         'util.cc',
     ],
     'dependencies': ['<(DEPTH)/base/base.gyp:base'],
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/cc_generator.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/cc_generator.py
index 2e42998..86724fc 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/cc_generator.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/cc_generator.py
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 # found in the LICENSE file.
 
 from code import Code
-from model import PropertyType
-import any_helper
+from model import PropertyType, Type
 import cpp_util
 import model
 import schema_util
@@ -15,13 +14,12 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
   """A .cc generator for a namespace.
   """
   def __init__(self, namespace, cpp_type_generator):
-    self._cpp_type_generator = cpp_type_generator
+    self._type_helper = cpp_type_generator
     self._namespace = namespace
     self._target_namespace = (
-        self._cpp_type_generator.GetCppNamespaceName(self._namespace))
+        self._type_helper.GetCppNamespaceName(self._namespace))
     self._util_cc_helper = (
-        util_cc_helper.UtilCCHelper(self._cpp_type_generator))
-    self._any_helper = any_helper.AnyHelper()
+        util_cc_helper.UtilCCHelper(self._type_helper))
 
   def Generate(self):
     """Generates a Code object with the .cc for a single namespace.
@@ -34,17 +32,10 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
       .Append(self._util_cc_helper.GetIncludePath())
       .Append('#include "%s/%s.h"' %
           (self._namespace.source_file_dir, self._namespace.unix_name))
-    )
-    includes = self._cpp_type_generator.GenerateIncludes()
-    if not includes.IsEmpty():
-      (c.Concat(includes)
-        .Append()
-      )
-
-    (c.Append()
-      .Concat(self._cpp_type_generator.GetRootNamespaceStart())
-      .Concat(self._cpp_type_generator.GetNamespaceStart())
-      .Append()
+      .Append('#include "base/logging.h"')
+      .Cblock(self._type_helper.GenerateIncludes())
+      .Concat(self._type_helper.GetRootNamespaceStart())
+      .Cblock(self._type_helper.GetNamespaceStart())
     )
     if self._namespace.properties:
       (c.Append('//')
@@ -53,21 +44,18 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
         .Append()
       )
       for property in self._namespace.properties.values():
-        property_code = self._cpp_type_generator.GeneratePropertyValues(
+        property_code = self._type_helper.GeneratePropertyValues(
             property,
             'const %(type)s %(name)s = %(value)s;',
             nodoc=True)
         if property_code:
-          c.Concat(property_code).Append()
+          c.Cblock(property_code)
     if self._namespace.types:
       (c.Append('//')
         .Append('// Types')
         .Append('//')
         .Append()
-      )
-    for type_ in self._namespace.types.values():
-      (c.Concat(self._GenerateType(
-        schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(type_.name), type_)).Append()
+        .Cblock(self._GenerateTypes(None, self._namespace.types.values()))
       )
     if self._namespace.functions:
       (c.Append('//')
@@ -76,24 +64,17 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
         .Append()
       )
     for function in self._namespace.functions.values():
-      (c.Concat(self._GenerateFunction(
-          cpp_util.Classname(function.name), function))
-        .Append()
-      )
+      c.Cblock(self._GenerateFunction(function))
     if self._namespace.events:
       (c.Append('//')
         .Append('// Events')
         .Append('//')
         .Append()
       )
-    for event in self._namespace.events.values():
-      (c.Concat(self._GenerateCreateCallbackArguments(
-          cpp_util.Classname(event.name), event, generate_to_json=True))
-        .Append()
-      )
-    (c.Concat(self._cpp_type_generator.GetNamespaceEnd())
-      .Concat(self._cpp_type_generator.GetRootNamespaceEnd())
-      .Append()
+      for event in self._namespace.events.values():
+        c.Cblock(self._GenerateEvent(event))
+    (c.Concat(self._type_helper.GetNamespaceEnd())
+      .Cblock(self._type_helper.GetRootNamespaceEnd())
     )
     return c
 
@@ -104,33 +85,40 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
     c = Code()
 
     if type_.functions:
-      for function in type_.functions.values():
-        (c.Concat(
-            self._GenerateFunction(
-                cpp_namespace + '::' + cpp_util.Classname(function.name),
-                function))
-          .Append())
-    elif type_.type_ == PropertyType.OBJECT:
-      (c.Concat(self._GeneratePropertyFunctions(
-          cpp_namespace, type_.properties.values()))
-        .Sblock('%(namespace)s::%(classname)s()')
-        .Concat(self._GenerateInitializersAndBody(type_))
-        .Eblock('%(namespace)s::~%(classname)s() {}')
+      # Wrap functions within types in the type's namespace.
+      (c.Append('namespace %s {' % classname)
         .Append())
-      if type_.from_json:
-        (c.Concat(self._GenerateTypePopulate(cpp_namespace, type_))
-          .Append())
-      if type_.from_client:
-        (c.Concat(self._GenerateTypeToValue(cpp_namespace, type_))
-          .Append())
-    elif self._cpp_type_generator.IsEnumOrEnumRef(type_):
-      (c.Concat(self._GenerateCreateEnumTypeValue(cpp_namespace, type_))
-        .Append()
-        .Concat(self._GenerateEnumFromString(cpp_namespace, type_))
+      for function in type_.functions.values():
+        c.Cblock(self._GenerateFunction(function))
+      c.Append('}  // namespace %s' % classname)
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.ARRAY:
+      c.Cblock(self._GenerateType(cpp_namespace, type_.item_type))
+    elif (type_.property_type == PropertyType.OBJECT or
+          type_.property_type == PropertyType.CHOICES):
+      if cpp_namespace is None:
+        classname_in_namespace = classname
+      else:
+        classname_in_namespace = '%s::%s' % (cpp_namespace, classname)
+
+      if type_.property_type == PropertyType.OBJECT:
+        c.Cblock(self._GeneratePropertyFunctions(classname_in_namespace,
+                                                 type_.properties.values()))
+      else:
+        c.Cblock(self._GenerateTypes(classname_in_namespace, type_.choices))
+
+      (c.Append('%s::%s()' % (classname_in_namespace, classname))
+        .Cblock(self._GenerateInitializersAndBody(type_))
+        .Append('%s::~%s() {}' % (classname_in_namespace, classname))
         .Append()
-        .Concat(self._GenerateEnumToString(cpp_namespace, type_))
-        .Append())
-    c.Substitute({'classname': classname, 'namespace': cpp_namespace})
+      )
+      if type_.origin.from_json:
+        c.Cblock(self._GenerateTypePopulate(classname_in_namespace, type_))
+      if type_.origin.from_client:
+        c.Cblock(self._GenerateTypeToValue(classname_in_namespace, type_))
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.ENUM:
+      (c.Cblock(self._GenerateEnumToString(cpp_namespace, type_))
+        .Cblock(self._GenerateEnumFromString(cpp_namespace, type_))
+      )
 
     return c
 
@@ -141,29 +129,28 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
         continue
 
       t = prop.type_
-      if t == PropertyType.INTEGER:
+      if t.property_type == PropertyType.INTEGER:
         items.append('%s(0)' % prop.unix_name)
-      elif t == PropertyType.DOUBLE:
+      elif t.property_type == PropertyType.DOUBLE:
         items.append('%s(0.0)' % prop.unix_name)
-      elif t == PropertyType.BOOLEAN:
+      elif t.property_type == PropertyType.BOOLEAN:
         items.append('%s(false)' % prop.unix_name)
-      elif t == PropertyType.BINARY:
+      elif t.property_type == PropertyType.BINARY:
         items.append('%s(NULL)' % prop.unix_name)
-      elif (t == PropertyType.ADDITIONAL_PROPERTIES or
-            t == PropertyType.ANY or
-            t == PropertyType.ARRAY or
-            t == PropertyType.CHOICES or
-            t == PropertyType.ENUM or
-            t == PropertyType.OBJECT or
-            t == PropertyType.FUNCTION or
-            t == PropertyType.REF or
-            t == PropertyType.STRING):
+      elif (t.property_type == PropertyType.ANY or
+            t.property_type == PropertyType.ARRAY or
+            t.property_type == PropertyType.CHOICES or
+            t.property_type == PropertyType.ENUM or
+            t.property_type == PropertyType.OBJECT or
+            t.property_type == PropertyType.FUNCTION or
+            t.property_type == PropertyType.REF or
+            t.property_type == PropertyType.STRING):
         # TODO(miket): It would be nice to initialize CHOICES and ENUM, but we
         # don't presently have the semantics to indicate which one of a set
         # should be the default.
         continue
       else:
-        sys.exit("Unhandled PropertyType: %s" % t)
+        raise TypeError(t)
 
     if items:
       s = ': %s' % (', '.join(items))
@@ -180,33 +167,54 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
     classname = cpp_util.Classname(schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(type_.name))
     c = Code()
     (c.Append('// static')
-      .Sblock('bool %(namespace)s::Populate'
-              '(const base::Value& value, %(name)s* out) {')
-        .Append('if (!value.IsType(base::Value::TYPE_DICTIONARY))')
-        .Append('  return false;')
+      .Append('bool %(namespace)s::Populate(')
+      .Sblock('    const base::Value& value, %(name)s* out) {')
     )
-    if type_.properties:
-      (c.Append('const base::DictionaryValue* dict = '
-                'static_cast<const base::DictionaryValue*>(&value);')
-        .Append()
+    if type_.property_type == PropertyType.CHOICES:
+      for choice in type_.choices:
+        value_type = cpp_util.GetValueType(self._type_helper.FollowRef(choice))
+        (c.Sblock('if (value.IsType(%s)) {' % value_type)
+            .Concat(self._GeneratePopulateVariableFromValue(
+                choice,
+                '(&value)',
+                'out->as_%s' % choice.unix_name,
+                'false',
+                is_ptr=True))
+            .Append('return true;')
+          .Eblock('}')
+        )
+      c.Append('return false;')
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.OBJECT:
+      (c.Append('if (!value.IsType(base::Value::TYPE_DICTIONARY))')
+        .Append('  return false;')
       )
+      if type_.properties or type_.additional_properties is not None:
+        c.Append('const base::DictionaryValue* dict = '
+                     'static_cast<const base::DictionaryValue*>(&value);')
       for prop in type_.properties.values():
         c.Concat(self._InitializePropertyToDefault(prop, 'out'))
       for prop in type_.properties.values():
-        if prop.type_ == PropertyType.ADDITIONAL_PROPERTIES:
+        c.Concat(self._GenerateTypePopulateProperty(prop, 'dict', 'out'))
+      if type_.additional_properties is not None:
+        if type_.additional_properties.property_type == PropertyType.ANY:
           c.Append('out->additional_properties.MergeDictionary(dict);')
-          # remove all keys that are actual properties
-          for cur_prop in type_.properties.values():
-            if prop != cur_prop:
-              c.Append('out->additional_properties'
-                  '.RemoveWithoutPathExpansion("%s", NULL);' % cur_prop.name)
-          c.Append()
         else:
-          c.Concat(self._GenerateTypePopulateProperty(prop, 'dict', 'out'))
-    (c.Append('return true;')
-      .Eblock('}')
-    )
-    c.Substitute({'namespace': cpp_namespace, 'name': classname})
+          cpp_type = self._type_helper.GetCppType(type_.additional_properties,
+                                                  is_in_container=True)
+          (c.Append('for (base::DictionaryValue::Iterator it(*dict);')
+            .Sblock('     it.HasNext(); it.Advance()) {')
+              .Append('%s tmp;' % cpp_type)
+              .Concat(self._GeneratePopulateVariableFromValue(
+                  type_.additional_properties,
+                  '(&it.value())',
+                  'tmp',
+                  'false'))
+              .Append('out->additional_properties[it.key()] = tmp;')
+            .Eblock('}')
+          )
+      c.Append('return true;')
+    (c.Eblock('}')
+      .Substitute({'namespace': cpp_namespace, 'name': classname}))
     return c
 
   def _GenerateTypePopulateProperty(self, prop, src, dst):
@@ -223,10 +231,11 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
           'if (%(src)s->GetWithoutPathExpansion("%(key)s", &%(value_var)s)) {')
         .Concat(self._GeneratePopulatePropertyFromValue(
             prop, value_var, dst, 'false')))
-      if self._cpp_type_generator.IsEnumOrEnumRef(prop):
+      underlying_type = self._type_helper.FollowRef(prop.type_)
+      if underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.ENUM:
         (c.Append('} else {')
           .Append('%%(dst)s->%%(name)s = %s;' %
-              self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumNoneValue(prop)))
+              self._type_helper.GetEnumNoneValue(prop.type_)))
       c.Eblock('}')
     else:
       (c.Append(
@@ -246,140 +255,184 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
     return c
 
   def _GenerateTypeToValue(self, cpp_namespace, type_):
-    """Generates a function that serializes the type into a
-    |base::DictionaryValue|.
-
+    """Generates a function that serializes the type into a base::Value.
     E.g. for type "Foo" generates Foo::ToValue()
     """
+    if type_.property_type == PropertyType.OBJECT:
+      return self._GenerateObjectTypeToValue(cpp_namespace, type_)
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.CHOICES:
+      return self._GenerateChoiceTypeToValue(cpp_namespace, type_)
+    else:
+      raise ValueError("Unsupported property type %s" % type_.type_)
+
+  def _GenerateObjectTypeToValue(self, cpp_namespace, type_):
+    """Generates a function that serializes an object-representing type
+    into a base::DictionaryValue.
+    """
     c = Code()
     (c.Sblock('scoped_ptr<base::DictionaryValue> %s::ToValue() const {' %
           cpp_namespace)
         .Append('scoped_ptr<base::DictionaryValue> value('
-                'new base::DictionaryValue());')
+                    'new base::DictionaryValue());')
         .Append()
     )
+
     for prop in type_.properties.values():
-      if prop.type_ == PropertyType.ADDITIONAL_PROPERTIES:
-        c.Append('value->MergeDictionary(&%s);' % prop.unix_name)
-      else:
-        if prop.optional:
-          if self._cpp_type_generator.IsEnumOrEnumRef(prop):
-            c.Sblock('if (%s != %s) {' %
-                (prop.unix_name,
-                 self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumNoneValue(prop)))
-          elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.CHOICES:
-            c.Sblock('if (%s_type != %s) {' %
-                (prop.unix_name,
-                 self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumNoneValue(prop)))
-          else:
-            c.Sblock('if (%s.get()) {' % prop.unix_name)
-
-        if prop.type_ == prop.compiled_type:
-          c.Append('value->SetWithoutPathExpansion("%s", %s);' % (
-              prop.name,
-              self._CreateValueFromProperty(prop, 'this->' + prop.unix_name)))
+      if prop.optional:
+        # Optional enum values are generated with a NONE enum value.
+        underlying_type = self._type_helper.FollowRef(prop.type_)
+        if underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.ENUM:
+          c.Sblock('if (%s != %s) {' %
+              (prop.unix_name,
+               self._type_helper.GetEnumNoneValue(prop.type_)))
         else:
-          conversion_src = 'this->' + prop.unix_name
-          if prop.optional:
-            conversion_src = '*' + conversion_src
-          (c.Append('%s %s;' % (self._cpp_type_generator.GetType(prop),
-                                prop.unix_name))
-            .Append(cpp_util.GenerateCompiledTypeToTypeConversion(
-                self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop),
-                conversion_src,
-                prop.unix_name) + ';')
-            .Append('value->SetWithoutPathExpansion("%s", %s);' % (
-                prop.unix_name,
-                self._CreateValueFromProperty(prop, prop.unix_name)))
-          )
-        if prop.optional:
-          c.Eblock('}');
-    (c.Append()
-      .Append('return value.Pass();')
+          c.Sblock('if (%s.get()) {' % prop.unix_name)
+
+      # ANY is a base::Value which is abstract and cannot be a direct member, so
+      # it will always be a pointer.
+      is_ptr = prop.optional or prop.type_.property_type == PropertyType.ANY
+      c.Append('value->SetWithoutPathExpansion("%s", %s);' % (
+          prop.name,
+          self._CreateValueFromType(prop.type_,
+                                    'this->%s' % prop.unix_name,
+                                    is_ptr=is_ptr)))
+
+      if prop.optional:
+        c.Eblock('}');
+
+    if type_.additional_properties is not None:
+      if type_.additional_properties.property_type == PropertyType.ANY:
+        c.Append('value->MergeDictionary(&additional_properties);')
+      else:
+        # Non-copyable types will be wrapped in a linked_ptr for inclusion in
+        # maps, so we need to unwrap them.
+        needs_unwrap = (
+            not self._type_helper.IsCopyable(type_.additional_properties))
+        cpp_type = self._type_helper.GetCppType(type_.additional_properties,
+                                                is_in_container=True)
+        (c.Sblock('for (std::map<std::string, %s>::const_iterator it =' %
+                      cpp_util.PadForGenerics(cpp_type))
+          .Append('       additional_properties.begin();')
+          .Append('   it != additional_properties.end(); ++it) {')
+          .Append('value->SetWithoutPathExpansion(it->first, %s);' %
+              self._CreateValueFromType(
+                  type_.additional_properties,
+                  '%sit->second' % ('*' if needs_unwrap else '')))
+          .Eblock('}')
+        )
+
+    return (c.Append()
+             .Append('return value.Pass();')
+           .Eblock('}'))
+
+  def _GenerateChoiceTypeToValue(self, cpp_namespace, type_):
+    """Generates a function that serializes a choice-representing type
+    into a base::Value.
+    """
+    c = Code()
+    c.Sblock('scoped_ptr<base::Value> %s::ToValue() const {' % cpp_namespace)
+    c.Append('scoped_ptr<base::Value> result;');
+    for choice in type_.choices:
+      choice_var = 'as_%s' % choice.unix_name
+      (c.Sblock('if (%s) {' % choice_var)
+          .Append('DCHECK(!result) << "Cannot set multiple choices for %s";' %
+                      type_.unix_name)
+          .Append('result.reset(%s);' %
+                      self._CreateValueFromType(choice, '*%s' % choice_var))
+        .Eblock('}')
+      )
+    (c.Append('DCHECK(result) << "Must set at least one choice for %s";' %
+                  type_.unix_name)
+      .Append('return result.Pass();')
       .Eblock('}')
     )
     return c
 
-  def _GenerateFunction(self, cpp_namespace, function):
+  def _GenerateFunction(self, function):
     """Generates the definitions for function structs.
     """
     c = Code()
 
+    # TODO(kalman): use function.unix_name not Classname.
+    function_namespace = cpp_util.Classname(function.name)
+    (c.Append('namespace %s {' % function_namespace)
+      .Append()
+    )
+
     # Params::Populate function
     if function.params:
-      c.Concat(self._GeneratePropertyFunctions(cpp_namespace + '::Params',
-          function.params))
-      (c.Append('%(cpp_namespace)s::Params::Params() {}')
-        .Append('%(cpp_namespace)s::Params::~Params() {}')
-        .Append()
-        .Concat(self._GenerateFunctionParamsCreate(cpp_namespace, function))
+      c.Concat(self._GeneratePropertyFunctions('Params', function.params))
+      (c.Append('Params::Params() {}')
+        .Append('Params::~Params() {}')
         .Append()
+        .Cblock(self._GenerateFunctionParamsCreate(function))
       )
 
     # Results::Create function
     if function.callback:
-      c.Concat(self._GenerateCreateCallbackArguments(
-          "%s::Results" % cpp_namespace, function.callback))
+      c.Concat(self._GenerateCreateCallbackArguments('Results',
+                                                     function.callback))
 
-    c.Substitute({'cpp_namespace': cpp_namespace})
+    c.Append('}  // namespace %s' % function_namespace)
+    return c
 
+  def _GenerateEvent(self, event):
+    # TODO(kalman): use event.unix_name not Classname.
+    c = Code()
+    event_namespace = cpp_util.Classname(event.name)
+    (c.Append('namespace %s {' % event_namespace)
+      .Append()
+      .Cblock(self._GenerateCreateCallbackArguments(None, event))
+      .Append('}  // namespace %s' % event_namespace)
+    )
     return c
 
-  def _CreateValueFromProperty(self, prop, var):
-    """Creates a base::Value given a property. Generated code passes ownership
+  def _CreateValueFromType(self, type_, var, is_ptr=False):
+    """Creates a base::Value given a type. Generated code passes ownership
     to caller.
 
     var: variable or variable*
 
     E.g for std::string, generate base::Value::CreateStringValue(var)
     """
-    if prop.type_ == PropertyType.CHOICES:
-      return 'Get%sChoiceValue().release()' % cpp_util.Classname(prop.name)
-    elif self._IsObjectOrObjectRef(prop):
-      if prop.optional:
-        return '%s->ToValue().release()' % var
+    underlying_type = self._type_helper.FollowRef(type_)
+    if (underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.CHOICES or
+        underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.OBJECT):
+      if is_ptr:
+        return '(%s)->ToValue().release()' % var
       else:
-        return '%s.ToValue().release()' % var
-    elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.ANY:
-      return '%s.DeepCopy()' % self._any_helper.GetValue(prop, var)
-    elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.ADDITIONAL_PROPERTIES:
-      return '%s.DeepCopy()' % var
-    elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.FUNCTION:
-      if prop.optional:
-        vardot = var + '->'
+        return '(%s).ToValue().release()' % var
+    elif (underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.ANY or
+          underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.FUNCTION):
+      if is_ptr:
+        vardot = '(%s)->' % var
       else:
-        vardot = var + '.'
+        vardot = '(%s).' % var
       return '%sDeepCopy()' % vardot
-    elif self._cpp_type_generator.IsEnumOrEnumRef(prop):
+    elif underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.ENUM:
       return 'base::Value::CreateStringValue(ToString(%s))' % var
-    elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.BINARY:
-      if prop.optional:
+    elif underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.BINARY:
+      if is_ptr:
         vardot = var + '->'
       else:
         vardot = var + '.'
       return ('base::BinaryValue::CreateWithCopiedBuffer(%sdata(), %ssize())' %
               (vardot, vardot))
-    elif self._IsArrayOrArrayRef(prop):
+    elif underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.ARRAY:
       return '%s.release()' % self._util_cc_helper.CreateValueFromArray(
-          self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop), var,
-          prop.optional)
-    elif self._IsFundamentalOrFundamentalRef(prop):
-      # If prop.type != prop.compiled_type, then no asterisk is necessary
-      # because the target is a local variable and not a dereferenced scoped
-      # pointer. The asterisk is instead prepended to conversion_src around line
-      # 273.
-      if prop.optional and prop.type_ == prop.compiled_type:
-        var = '*' + var
-      prop = self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop);
-      return {
-          PropertyType.STRING: 'base::Value::CreateStringValue(%s)',
-          PropertyType.BOOLEAN: 'base::Value::CreateBooleanValue(%s)',
-          PropertyType.INTEGER: 'base::Value::CreateIntegerValue(%s)',
-          PropertyType.DOUBLE: 'base::Value::CreateDoubleValue(%s)',
-      }[prop.type_] % var
+          underlying_type,
+          var,
+          is_ptr)
+    elif underlying_type.property_type.is_fundamental:
+      if is_ptr:
+        var = '*%s' % var
+      if underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.STRING:
+        return 'new base::StringValue(%s)' % var
+      else:
+        return 'new base::FundamentalValue(%s)' % var
     else:
       raise NotImplementedError('Conversion of %s to base::Value not '
-          'implemented' % repr(prop.type_))
+                                'implemented' % repr(type_.type_))
 
   def _GenerateParamsCheck(self, function, var):
     """Generates a check for the correct number of arguments when creating
@@ -405,7 +458,7 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
     })
     return c
 
-  def _GenerateFunctionParamsCreate(self, cpp_namespace, function):
+  def _GenerateFunctionParamsCreate(self, function):
     """Generate function to create an instance of Params. The generated
     function takes a base::ListValue of arguments.
 
@@ -413,12 +466,11 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
     """
     c = Code()
     (c.Append('// static')
-      .Sblock('scoped_ptr<%(cpp_namespace)s::Params> '
-        '%(cpp_namespace)s::Params::Create(const base::ListValue& args) {')
+      .Sblock('scoped_ptr<Params> '
+                  'Params::Create(const base::ListValue& args) {')
       .Concat(self._GenerateParamsCheck(function, 'args'))
       .Append('scoped_ptr<Params> params(new Params());')
     )
-    c.Substitute({'cpp_namespace': cpp_namespace})
 
     for param in function.params:
       c.Concat(self._InitializePropertyToDefault(param, 'params'))
@@ -432,9 +484,8 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
       c.Append()
       value_var = param.unix_name + '_value'
       (c.Append('const base::Value* %(value_var)s = NULL;')
-        .Append('if (args.Get(%(i)s, &%(value_var)s) &&\n'
-                '    !%(value_var)s->IsType(base::Value::TYPE_NULL))')
-        .Sblock('{')
+        .Append('if (args.Get(%(i)s, &%(value_var)s) &&')
+        .Sblock('    !%(value_var)s->IsType(base::Value::TYPE_NULL)) {')
         .Concat(self._GeneratePopulatePropertyFromValue(
             param, value_var, 'params', failure_value))
         .Eblock('}')
@@ -453,466 +504,291 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
 
     return c
 
-  def _GeneratePopulatePropertyFromValue(
-      self, prop, value_var, dst, failure_value, check_type=True):
-    """Generates code to populate a model.Property given a base::Value*. The
-    existence of data inside the base::Value* is assumed so checks for existence
-    should be performed before the code this generates.
-
-    prop: the property the code is populating.
-    value_var: a base::Value* that should represent |prop|.
-    dst: the object with |prop| as a member.
-    failure_value: the value to return if |prop| cannot be extracted from
-    |value_var|
-    check_type: if true, will check if |value_var| is the correct
-    base::Value::Type
+  def _GeneratePopulatePropertyFromValue(self,
+                                         prop,
+                                         src_var,
+                                         dst_class_var,
+                                         failure_value):
+    """Generates code to populate property |prop| of |dst_class_var| (a
+    pointer) from a Value*. See |_GeneratePopulateVariableFromValue| for
+    semantics.
+    """
+    return self._GeneratePopulateVariableFromValue(prop.type_,
+                                                   src_var,
+                                                   '%s->%s' % (dst_class_var,
+                                                               prop.unix_name),
+                                                   failure_value,
+                                                   is_ptr=prop.optional)
+
+  def _GeneratePopulateVariableFromValue(self,
+                                         type_,
+                                         src_var,
+                                         dst_var,
+                                         failure_value,
+                                         is_ptr=False):
+    """Generates code to populate a variable |dst_var| of type |type_| from a
+    Value* at |src_var|. The Value* is assumed to be non-NULL. In the generated
+    code, if |dst_var| fails to be populated then Populate will return
+    |failure_value|.
     """
     c = Code()
     c.Sblock('{')
 
-    if self._IsFundamentalOrFundamentalRef(prop):
-      self._GenerateFundamentalOrFundamentalRefPopulate(c, prop, value_var, dst)
-    elif self._IsObjectOrObjectRef(prop):
-      self._GenerateObjectOrObjectRefPopulate(c, prop)
-    elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.FUNCTION:
-      self._GenerateFunctionPopulate(c, prop)
-    elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.ANY:
-      self._GenerateAnyPopulate(c, prop, value_var, dst)
-    elif self._IsArrayOrArrayRef(prop):
-      self._GenerateArrayOrArrayRefPopulate(c, prop, dst)
-    elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.CHOICES:
-      self._GenerateChoicePopulate(c, prop, value_var, dst, failure_value)
-    elif self._cpp_type_generator.IsEnumOrEnumRef(prop):
-      self._GenerateEnumPopulate(c, prop, value_var)
-    elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.BINARY:
-      self._GenerateBinaryPopulate(c, prop)
-    else:
-      raise NotImplementedError(prop.type_)
-    c.Eblock('}')
-    sub = {
-        'value_var': value_var,
-        'name': prop.unix_name,
-        'dst': dst,
-        'failure_value': failure_value,
-    }
-    if prop.type_ not in (PropertyType.CHOICES, PropertyType.ANY):
-      sub['ctype'] = self._cpp_type_generator.GetType(prop)
-      sub['compiled_ctype'] = self._cpp_type_generator.GetCompiledType(prop)
-      sub['value_type'] = cpp_util.GetValueType(self._cpp_type_generator
-          .GetReferencedProperty(prop).type_)
-    c.Substitute(sub)
-    return c
+    underlying_type = self._type_helper.FollowRef(type_)
 
-  def _GenerateFundamentalOrFundamentalRefPopulate(self,
-                                                   c,
-                                                   prop,
-                                                   value_var,
-                                                   dst):
-    if prop.optional:
-      (c.Append('%(ctype)s temp;')
-        .Append('if (!%s)' %
-            cpp_util.GetAsFundamentalValue(
-                self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop),
-                value_var,
-                '&temp'))
-        .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
-      )
-      if prop.type_ != prop.compiled_type:
-        (c.Append('%(compiled_ctype)s temp2;')
-          .Append('if (!%s)' %
-               cpp_util.GenerateTypeToCompiledTypeConversion(
-                   self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop),
-                   'temp',
-                   'temp2'))
+    if underlying_type.property_type.is_fundamental:
+      if is_ptr:
+        (c.Append('%(cpp_type)s temp;')
+          .Append('if (!%s)' % cpp_util.GetAsFundamentalValue(
+                      self._type_helper.FollowRef(type_), src_var, '&temp'))
           .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
-          .Append('%(dst)s->%(name)s.reset(new %(compiled_ctype)s(temp2));')
+          .Append('%(dst_var)s.reset(new %(cpp_type)s(temp));')
         )
       else:
-        c.Append('%(dst)s->%(name)s.reset(new %(ctype)s(temp));')
-
-    else:
-      if prop.type_ == prop.compiled_type:
-        assignment_target = '&%s->%s' % (dst, prop.unix_name)
+        (c.Append('if (!%s)' % cpp_util.GetAsFundamentalValue(
+                      self._type_helper.FollowRef(type_),
+                      src_var,
+                      '&%s' % dst_var))
+          .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
+        )
+    elif underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.OBJECT:
+      if is_ptr:
+        (c.Append('const base::DictionaryValue* dictionary = NULL;')
+          .Append('if (!%(src_var)s->GetAsDictionary(&dictionary))')
+          .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
+          .Append('scoped_ptr<%(cpp_type)s> temp(new %(cpp_type)s());')
+          .Append('if (!%(cpp_type)s::Populate(*dictionary, temp.get()))')
+          .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
+          .Append('%(dst_var)s = temp.Pass();')
+        )
       else:
-        c.Append('%(ctype)s temp;')
-        assignment_target = '&temp'
-      (c.Append('if (!%s)' %
-          cpp_util.GetAsFundamentalValue(
-              self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop),
-              value_var,
-              assignment_target))
-        .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
-      )
-      if prop.type_ != prop.compiled_type:
-        (c.Append('if (!%s)' %
-            cpp_util.GenerateTypeToCompiledTypeConversion(
-                self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop),
-                'temp',
-                '%s->%s' % (dst, prop.unix_name)))
+        (c.Append('const base::DictionaryValue* dictionary = NULL;')
+          .Append('if (!%(src_var)s->GetAsDictionary(&dictionary))')
+          .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
+          .Append('if (!%(cpp_type)s::Populate(*dictionary, &%(dst_var)s))')
           .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
         )
-
-  def _GenerateObjectOrObjectRefPopulate(self, c, prop):
-    if prop.optional:
-      (c.Append('const base::DictionaryValue* dictionary = NULL;')
-        .Append('if (!%(value_var)s->GetAsDictionary(&dictionary))')
-        .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
-        .Append('scoped_ptr<%(ctype)s> temp(new %(ctype)s());')
-        .Append('if (!%(ctype)s::Populate(*dictionary, temp.get()))')
-        .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
-        .Append('%(dst)s->%(name)s = temp.Pass();')
-      )
-    else:
-      (c.Append('const base::DictionaryValue* dictionary = NULL;')
-        .Append('if (!%(value_var)s->GetAsDictionary(&dictionary))')
-        .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
-        .Append(
-            'if (!%(ctype)s::Populate(*dictionary, &%(dst)s->%(name)s))')
-        .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
-      )
-
-  def _GenerateFunctionPopulate(self, c, prop):
-    if prop.optional:
-      c.Append('%(dst)s->%(name)s.reset(new base::DictionaryValue());')
-
-  def _GenerateAnyPopulate(self, c, prop, value_var, dst):
-    if prop.optional:
-      c.Append('%(dst)s->%(name)s.reset(new ' + any_helper.ANY_CLASS + '());')
-    c.Append(self._any_helper.Init(prop, value_var, dst) + ';')
-
-  def _GenerateArrayOrArrayRefPopulate(self, c, prop, dst):
-    # util_cc_helper deals with optional and required arrays
-    (c.Append('const base::ListValue* list = NULL;')
-      .Append('if (!%(value_var)s->GetAsList(&list))')
-      .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;'))
-    if prop.item_type.type_ == PropertyType.ENUM:
-      self._GenerateListValueToEnumArrayConversion(c, prop)
-    else:
-      (c.Append('if (!%s)' % self._util_cc_helper.PopulateArrayFromList(
-            self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop), 'list',
-            dst + '->' + prop.unix_name, prop.optional))
+    elif underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.FUNCTION:
+      if is_ptr:
+        c.Append('%(dst_var)s.reset(new base::DictionaryValue());')
+    elif underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.ANY:
+      c.Append('%(dst_var)s.reset(%(src_var)s->DeepCopy());')
+    elif underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.ARRAY:
+      # util_cc_helper deals with optional and required arrays
+      (c.Append('const base::ListValue* list = NULL;')
+        .Append('if (!%(src_var)s->GetAsList(&list))')
+        .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;'))
+      item_type = underlying_type.item_type
+      if item_type.property_type == PropertyType.ENUM:
+        c.Concat(self._GenerateListValueToEnumArrayConversion(
+                     item_type,
+                     'list',
+                     dst_var,
+                     failure_value,
+                     is_ptr=is_ptr))
+      else:
+        (c.Append('if (!%s)' % self._util_cc_helper.PopulateArrayFromList(
+              underlying_type,
+              'list',
+              dst_var,
+              is_ptr))
+          .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
+        )
+    elif underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.CHOICES:
+      if is_ptr:
+        (c.Append('scoped_ptr<%(cpp_type)s> temp(new %(cpp_type)s());')
+          .Append('if (!%(cpp_type)s::Populate(*%(src_var)s, temp.get()))')
+          .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
+          .Append('%(dst_var)s = temp.Pass();')
+        )
+      else:
+        (c.Append('if (!%(cpp_type)s::Populate(*%(src_var)s, &%(dst_var)s))')
+          .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
+        )
+    elif underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.ENUM:
+      c.Concat(self._GenerateStringToEnumConversion(type_,
+                                                    src_var,
+                                                    dst_var,
+                                                    failure_value))
+    elif underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.BINARY:
+      (c.Append('if (!%(src_var)s->IsType(%(value_type)s))')
         .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
-      )
-
-  def _GenerateChoicePopulate(self, c, prop, value_var, dst, failure_value):
-    type_var = '%(dst)s->%(name)s_type'
-    c.Sblock('switch (%(value_var)s->GetType()) {')
-    for choice in self._cpp_type_generator.ExpandParams([prop]):
-      (c.Sblock('case %s: {' % cpp_util.GetValueType(
-          self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(choice).type_))
-          .Concat(self._GeneratePopulatePropertyFromValue(
-              choice, value_var, dst, failure_value, check_type=False))
-          .Append('%s = %s;' %
-              (type_var,
-               self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumValue(
-                   prop, choice.type_.name)))
-          .Append('break;')
-        .Eblock('}')
-      )
-    (c.Append('default:')
-      .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
-    )
-    c.Eblock('}')
-
-  def _GenerateEnumPopulate(self, c, prop, value_var):
-    c.Sblock('{')
-    self._GenerateStringToEnumConversion(c, prop, value_var, 'enum_temp')
-    c.Append('%(dst)s->%(name)s = enum_temp;')
-    c.Eblock('}')
-
-  def _GenerateBinaryPopulate(self, c, prop):
-    (c.Append('if (!%(value_var)s->IsType(%(value_type)s))')
-      .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
-      .Append('const base::BinaryValue* binary_value =')
-      .Append('    static_cast<const base::BinaryValue*>(%(value_var)s);')
-     )
-    if prop.optional:
-      (c.Append('%(dst)s->%(name)s.reset(')
-        .Append('    new std::string(binary_value->GetBuffer(),')
-        .Append('                    binary_value->GetSize()));')
+        .Append('const base::BinaryValue* binary_value =')
+        .Append('    static_cast<const base::BinaryValue*>(%(src_var)s);')
        )
+      if is_ptr:
+        (c.Append('%(dst_var)s.reset(')
+          .Append('    new std::string(binary_value->GetBuffer(),')
+          .Append('                    binary_value->GetSize()));')
+         )
+      else:
+        (c.Append('%(dst_var)s.assign(binary_value->GetBuffer(),')
+          .Append('                   binary_value->GetSize());')
+         )
     else:
-      (c.Append('%(dst)s->%(name)s.assign(binary_value->GetBuffer(),')
-        .Append('                         binary_value->GetSize());')
-       )
+      raise NotImplementedError(type_)
 
-  def _GenerateListValueToEnumArrayConversion(self, c, prop):
-      """Appends code that converts a ListValue of string contstants to
-      an array of enums in dst.
-      Leaves dst, name, and failure_value unsubstituted.
+    sub = {
+      'cpp_type': self._type_helper.GetCppType(type_),
+      'src_var': src_var,
+      'dst_var': dst_var,
+      'failure_value': failure_value,
+    }
 
-      c: the Code object that is being appended to.
-      prop: the property that the code is populating.
+    if underlying_type.property_type not in (PropertyType.ANY,
+                                             PropertyType.CHOICES):
+      sub['value_type'] = cpp_util.GetValueType(underlying_type)
+
+    return c.Eblock('}').Substitute(sub)
+
+  def _GenerateListValueToEnumArrayConversion(self,
+                                              item_type,
+                                              src_var,
+                                              dst_var,
+                                              failure_value,
+                                              is_ptr=False):
+      """Returns Code that converts a ListValue of string constants from
+      |src_var| into an array of enums of |type_| in |dst_var|. On failure,
+      returns |failure_value|.
       """
+      c = Code()
       accessor = '.'
-      if prop.optional:
-        c.Append('%(dst)s->%(name)s.reset(new std::vector<' + (
-          self._cpp_type_generator.GetType(prop.item_type) + '>);'))
+      if is_ptr:
         accessor = '->'
-      c.Sblock('for (ListValue::const_iterator it = list->begin(); '
-                'it != list->end(); ++it) {')
-      self._GenerateStringToEnumConversion(
-          c, prop.item_type, '(*it)', 'enum_temp')
-      c.Append('%(dst)s->%(name)s' + accessor + 'push_back(enum_temp);')
-      c.Eblock('}')
-
-  def _GenerateStringToEnumConversion(self, c, prop, value_var, enum_temp):
-    """Appends code that converts a string to an enum.
-    Leaves failure_value unsubstituted.
-
-    c: the code that is appended to.
-    prop: the property that the code is populating.
-    value_var: the string value that is being converted.
-    enum_temp: the name used to store the temporary enum value.
-    """
-    (c.Append('std::string enum_as_string;')
-      .Append('if (!%s->GetAsString(&enum_as_string))' % value_var)
-      .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;')
-      .Append('%(type)s %(enum)s = From%(type)sString(enum_as_string);' % {
-        'type': self._cpp_type_generator.GetCompiledType(prop),
-        'enum': enum_temp
-      })
-      .Append('if (%s == %s)' %
-        (enum_temp, self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumNoneValue(prop)))
-     .Append('  return %(failure_value)s;'))
-
-  def _GeneratePropertyFunctions(self, param_namespace, params):
-    """Generate the functions for structures generated by a property such as
-    CreateEnumValue for ENUMs and Populate/ToValue for Params/Results objects.
+        cpp_type = self._type_helper.GetCppType(item_type, is_in_container=True)
+        c.Append('%s.reset(new std::vector<%s>);' %
+                     (dst_var, cpp_util.PadForGenerics(cpp_type)))
+      (c.Sblock('for (base::ListValue::const_iterator it = %s->begin(); '
+                     'it != %s->end(); ++it) {' % (src_var, src_var))
+        .Append('%s tmp;' % self._type_helper.GetCppType(item_type))
+        .Concat(self._GenerateStringToEnumConversion(item_type,
+                                                     '(*it)',
+                                                     'tmp',
+                                                     failure_value))
+        .Append('%s%spush_back(tmp);' % (dst_var, accessor))
+        .Eblock('}')
+      )
+      return c
+
+  def _GenerateStringToEnumConversion(self,
+                                      type_,
+                                      src_var,
+                                      dst_var,
+                                      failure_value):
+    """Returns Code that converts a string type in |src_var| to an enum with
+    type |type_| in |dst_var|. In the generated code, if |src_var| is not
+    a valid enum name then the function will return |failure_value|.
     """
     c = Code()
-    for param in params:
-      if param.type_ == PropertyType.OBJECT:
-        c.Concat(self._GenerateType(
-            param_namespace + '::' + cpp_util.Classname(param.name),
-            param))
-        c.Append()
-      elif param.type_ == PropertyType.ARRAY:
-        c.Concat(self._GeneratePropertyFunctions(
-            param_namespace, [param.item_type]))
-      elif param.type_ == PropertyType.CHOICES:
-        c.Concat(self._GeneratePropertyFunctions(
-            param_namespace, param.choices.values()))
-        if param.from_client:
-          c.Concat(self._GenerateGetChoiceValue(param_namespace, param))
-      elif param.type_ == PropertyType.ENUM:
-        (c.Concat(self._GenerateCreateEnumValue(param_namespace, param))
-          .Append()
-          .Concat(self._GenerateEnumFromString(param_namespace,
-                                               param,
-                                               use_namespace=True))
-          .Append()
-          .Concat(self._GenerateEnumToString(param_namespace,
-                                             param,
-                                             use_namespace=True))
-          .Append())
+    enum_as_string = '%s_as_string' % type_.unix_name
+    (c.Append('std::string %s;' % enum_as_string)
+      .Append('if (!%s->GetAsString(&%s))' % (src_var, enum_as_string))
+      .Append('  return %s;' % failure_value)
+      .Append('%s = Parse%s(%s);' % (dst_var,
+                                     self._type_helper.GetCppType(type_),
+                                     enum_as_string))
+      .Append('if (%s == %s)' % (dst_var,
+                                 self._type_helper.GetEnumNoneValue(type_)))
+     .Append('  return %s;' % failure_value)
+    )
     return c
 
-  def _GenerateGetChoiceValue(self, cpp_namespace, prop):
-    """Generates Get<Type>ChoiceValue() that returns a scoped_ptr<base::Value>
-    representing the choice value.
+  def _GeneratePropertyFunctions(self, namespace, params):
+    """Generates the member functions for a list of parameters.
     """
-    c = Code()
-    (c.Sblock('scoped_ptr<base::Value> '
-              '%(cpp_namespace)s::Get%(choice)sChoiceValue() const {')
-      .Sblock('switch (%s_type) {' % prop.unix_name)
-      .Concat(self._GenerateReturnCase(
-          self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumNoneValue(prop),
-          'scoped_ptr<base::Value>()')))
-    for choice in self._cpp_type_generator.ExpandParams([prop]):
-      c.Concat(self._GenerateReturnCase(
-          self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumValue(prop, choice.type_.name),
-          'make_scoped_ptr<base::Value>(%s)' %
-              self._CreateValueFromProperty(choice, choice.unix_name)))
-    (c.Eblock('}')
-      .Append('return scoped_ptr<base::Value>();')
-      .Eblock('}')
-      .Append()
-      .Substitute({
-        'cpp_namespace': cpp_namespace,
-        'choice': cpp_util.Classname(prop.name)
-      })
-    )
-    return c
+    return self._GenerateTypes(namespace, (param.type_ for param in params))
 
-  def _GenerateCreateEnumTypeValue(self, cpp_namespace, prop):
-    """Generates CreateEnumValue() that returns the base::StringValue
-    representation of an enum type.
+  def _GenerateTypes(self, namespace, types):
+    """Generates the member functions for a list of types.
     """
     c = Code()
-    classname = cpp_util.Classname(schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(prop.name))
-    (c.Sblock('scoped_ptr<base::Value> CreateEnumValue(%s %s) {' %
-        (classname, classname.lower()))
-      .Append('std::string enum_temp = ToString(%s);' % classname.lower())
-      .Append('if (enum_temp.empty())')
-      .Append('  return scoped_ptr<base::Value>();')
-      .Append('return scoped_ptr<base::Value>('
-              'base::Value::CreateStringValue(enum_temp));')
-      .Eblock('}'))
+    for type_ in types:
+      c.Cblock(self._GenerateType(namespace, type_))
     return c
 
-  def _GenerateEnumToString(self, cpp_namespace, prop, use_namespace=False):
+  def _GenerateEnumToString(self, cpp_namespace, type_):
     """Generates ToString() which gets the string representation of an enum.
     """
     c = Code()
-    classname = cpp_util.Classname(schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(prop.name))
-    if use_namespace:
-      namespace = '%s::' % cpp_namespace
-    else:
-      namespace = ''
+    classname = cpp_util.Classname(schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(type_.name))
 
-    (c.Append('// static')
-      .Sblock('std::string %(namespace)sToString(%(class)s enum_param) {'))
-    enum_prop = self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop)
+    if cpp_namespace is not None:
+      c.Append('// static')
+    maybe_namespace = '' if cpp_namespace is None else '%s::' % cpp_namespace
+
+    c.Sblock('std::string %sToString(%s enum_param) {' %
+                 (maybe_namespace, classname))
     c.Sblock('switch (enum_param) {')
-    for enum_value in enum_prop.enum_values:
-      c.Concat(self._GenerateReturnCase(
-          self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumValue(prop, enum_value),
-          '"%s"' % enum_value))
-    (c.Append('case %s:' % self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumNoneValue(prop))
+    for enum_value in self._type_helper.FollowRef(type_).enum_values:
+      (c.Append('case %s: ' % self._type_helper.GetEnumValue(type_, enum_value))
+        .Append('  return "%s";' % enum_value))
+    (c.Append('case %s:' % self._type_helper.GetEnumNoneValue(type_))
       .Append('  return "";')
       .Eblock('}')
+      .Append('NOTREACHED();')
       .Append('return "";')
       .Eblock('}')
-      .Substitute({
-        'namespace': namespace,
-        'class': classname
-      }))
+    )
     return c
 
-  def _GenerateEnumFromString(self, cpp_namespace, prop, use_namespace=False):
+  def _GenerateEnumFromString(self, cpp_namespace, type_):
     """Generates FromClassNameString() which gets an enum from its string
     representation.
     """
     c = Code()
-    classname = cpp_util.Classname(schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(prop.name))
-    if use_namespace:
-      namespace = '%s::' % cpp_namespace
-    else:
-      namespace = ''
+    classname = cpp_util.Classname(schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(type_.name))
 
-    (c.Append('// static')
-      .Sblock('%(namespace)s%(class)s'
-              ' %(namespace)sFrom%(class)sString('
-              'const std::string& enum_string) {'))
-    enum_prop = self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop)
+    if cpp_namespace is not None:
+      c.Append('// static')
+    maybe_namespace = '' if cpp_namespace is None else '%s::' % cpp_namespace
+
+    c.Sblock('%s%s %sParse%s(const std::string& enum_string) {' %
+                 (maybe_namespace, classname, maybe_namespace, classname))
     for i, enum_value in enumerate(
-          self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop).enum_values):
+          self._type_helper.FollowRef(type_).enum_values):
       # This is broken up into all ifs with no else ifs because we get
       # "fatal error C1061: compiler limit : blocks nested too deeply"
       # on Windows.
       (c.Append('if (enum_string == "%s")' % enum_value)
         .Append('  return %s;' %
-            self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumValue(prop, enum_value)))
-    (c.Append('return %s;' %
-        self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumNoneValue(prop))
+            self._type_helper.GetEnumValue(type_, enum_value)))
+    (c.Append('return %s;' % self._type_helper.GetEnumNoneValue(type_))
       .Eblock('}')
-      .Substitute({
-        'namespace': namespace,
-        'class': classname
-      }))
-    return c
-
-  # TODO(chebert): This is basically the same as GenerateCreateEnumTypeValue().
-  # The plan is to phase out the old-style enums, and make all enums into REF
-  # types.
-  def _GenerateCreateEnumValue(self, cpp_namespace, prop):
-    """Generates CreateEnumValue() that returns the base::StringValue
-    representation of an enum.
-    """
-    c = Code()
-    (c.Append('// static')
-      .Sblock('scoped_ptr<base::Value> %(cpp_namespace)s::CreateEnumValue('
-             '%(arg)s) {')
-      .Append('std::string enum_temp = ToString(%s);' % prop.unix_name)
-      .Append('if (enum_temp.empty())')
-      .Append('  return scoped_ptr<base::Value>();')
-      .Append('return scoped_ptr<base::Value>('
-              'base::Value::CreateStringValue(enum_temp));')
-      .Eblock('}')
-      .Substitute({
-        'cpp_namespace': cpp_namespace,
-        'arg': cpp_util.GetParameterDeclaration(
-            prop, self._cpp_type_generator.GetType(prop))
-      }))
-    return c
-
-  def _GenerateReturnCase(self, case_value, return_value):
-    """Generates a single return case for a switch block.
-    """
-    c = Code()
-    (c.Append('case %s:' % case_value)
-      .Append('  return %s;' % return_value)
     )
     return c
 
-  def _GenerateCreateCallbackArguments(self,
-                                       function_scope,
-                                       callback,
-                                       generate_to_json=False):
+  def _GenerateCreateCallbackArguments(self, function_scope, callback):
     """Generate all functions to create Value parameters for a callback.
 
     E.g for function "Bar", generate Bar::Results::Create
     E.g for event "Baz", generate Baz::Create
 
     function_scope: the function scope path, e.g. Foo::Bar for the function
-    Foo::Bar::Baz().
+                    Foo::Bar::Baz(). May be None if there is no function scope.
     callback: the Function object we are creating callback arguments for.
-    generate_to_json: Generate a ToJson method.
     """
     c = Code()
     params = callback.params
-    expanded_params = self._cpp_type_generator.ExpandParams(params)
-    c.Concat(self._GeneratePropertyFunctions(function_scope, expanded_params))
-
-    param_lists = self._cpp_type_generator.GetAllPossibleParameterLists(params)
-    for param_list in param_lists:
-      (c.Sblock('scoped_ptr<base::ListValue> %(function_scope)s::'
-                'Create(%(declaration_list)s) {')
-        .Append('scoped_ptr<base::ListValue> create_results('
-                'new base::ListValue());')
-      )
-      declaration_list = []
-      for param in param_list:
-        # We treat this argument as 'required' to avoid wrapping it in a
-        # scoped_ptr if it's optional.
-        param_copy = param.Copy()
-        param_copy.optional = False
-        declaration_list.append("const %s" % cpp_util.GetParameterDeclaration(
-            param_copy, self._cpp_type_generator.GetCompiledType(param_copy)))
-        param_name = param_copy.unix_name
-        if param_copy.type_ != param_copy.compiled_type:
-          param_name = 'temp_' + param_name
-          (c.Append('%s %s;' % (self._cpp_type_generator.GetType(param_copy),
-                                param_name))
-            .Append(cpp_util.GenerateCompiledTypeToTypeConversion(
-                 param_copy,
-                 param_copy.unix_name,
-                 param_name) + ';')
-          )
-        c.Append('create_results->Append(%s);' %
-            self._CreateValueFromProperty(param_copy, param_name))
-
-      c.Append('return create_results.Pass();')
-      c.Eblock('}')
-      if generate_to_json:
-        c.Append()
-        (c.Sblock('std::string %(function_scope)s::'
-                  'ToJson(%(declaration_list)s) {')
-          .Append('scoped_ptr<base::ListValue> create_results = '
-                  '%(function_scope)s::Create(%(param_list)s);')
-          .Append('std::string json;')
-          .Append('base::JSONWriter::Write(create_results.get(), &json);')
-          .Append('return json;')
-        )
-        c.Eblock('}')
-
-      c.Substitute({
-          'function_scope': function_scope,
-          'declaration_list': ', '.join(declaration_list),
-          'param_list': ', '.join(param.unix_name for param in param_list)
-      })
+    c.Concat(self._GeneratePropertyFunctions(function_scope, params))
 
+    (c.Sblock('scoped_ptr<base::ListValue> %(function_scope)s'
+                  'Create(%(declaration_list)s) {')
+      .Append('scoped_ptr<base::ListValue> create_results('
+              'new base::ListValue());')
+    )
+    declaration_list = []
+    for param in params:
+      declaration_list.append(cpp_util.GetParameterDeclaration(
+          param, self._type_helper.GetCppType(param.type_)))
+      c.Append('create_results->Append(%s);' %
+          self._CreateValueFromType(param.type_, param.unix_name))
+    c.Append('return create_results.Pass();')
+    c.Eblock('}')
+    c.Substitute({
+        'function_scope': ('%s::' % function_scope) if function_scope else '',
+        'declaration_list': ', '.join(declaration_list),
+        'param_names': ', '.join(param.unix_name for param in params)
+    })
     return c
 
   def _InitializePropertyToDefault(self, prop, dst):
@@ -923,33 +799,11 @@ class CCGenerator(object):
     dst: Type*
     """
     c = Code()
-    if (self._cpp_type_generator.IsEnumOrEnumRef(prop) or
-        prop.type_ == PropertyType.CHOICES):
-      if prop.optional:
-        prop_name = prop.unix_name
-        if prop.type_ == PropertyType.CHOICES:
-          prop_name = prop.unix_name + '_type'
-        c.Append('%s->%s = %s;' % (
-          dst,
-          prop_name,
-          self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumNoneValue(prop)))
+    underlying_type = self._type_helper.FollowRef(prop.type_)
+    if (underlying_type.property_type == PropertyType.ENUM and
+        prop.optional):
+      c.Append('%s->%s = %s;' % (
+        dst,
+        prop.unix_name,
+        self._type_helper.GetEnumNoneValue(prop.type_)))
     return c
-
-  def _IsObjectOrObjectRef(self, prop):
-    """Determines if this property is an Object or is a ref to an Object.
-    """
-    return (self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop).type_ ==
-        PropertyType.OBJECT)
-
-  def _IsArrayOrArrayRef(self, prop):
-    """Determines if this property is an Array or is a ref to an Array.
-    """
-    return (self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop).type_ ==
-        PropertyType.ARRAY)
-
-  def _IsFundamentalOrFundamentalRef(self, prop):
-    """Determines if this property is a Fundamental type or is a ref to a
-    Fundamental type.
-    """
-    return (self._cpp_type_generator.GetReferencedProperty(prop).type_.
-        is_fundamental)
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/code.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/code.py
index e4326d4..009eb12 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/code.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/code.py
@@ -56,6 +56,13 @@ class Code(object):
 
     return self
 
+  def Cblock(self, code):
+    """Concatenates another Code object |code| onto this one followed by a
+    blank line, if |code| is non-empty."""
+    if not code.IsEmpty():
+      self.Concat(code).Append()
+    return self
+
   def Sblock(self, line=''):
     """Starts a code block.
 
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/cpp_type_generator.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/cpp_type_generator.py
index deade36..296eb41 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/cpp_type_generator.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/cpp_type_generator.py
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 # found in the LICENSE file.
 
 from code import Code
-from model import PropertyType
-import any_helper
+from model import Namespace, PropertyType, Type
 import cpp_util
 import operator
 import schema_util
@@ -24,42 +23,22 @@ class CppTypeGenerator(object):
     if namespace and cpp_namespace:
       self._namespace = namespace
       self.AddNamespace(namespace, cpp_namespace)
+    else:
+      self._namespace = None
 
   def AddNamespace(self, namespace, cpp_namespace):
     """Maps a model.Namespace to its C++ namespace name. All mappings are
     beneath the root namespace.
     """
-    for type_ in namespace.types:
-      if type_ in self._type_namespaces:
-        raise ValueError('Type %s is declared in both %s and %s' %
-            (type_, namespace.name, self._type_namespaces[type_].name))
-      self._type_namespaces[type_] = namespace
     self._cpp_namespaces[namespace] = cpp_namespace
-
-  def ExpandParams(self, params):
-    """Returns the given parameters with PropertyType.CHOICES parameters
-    expanded so that each choice is a separate parameter.
-    """
-    expanded = []
-    for param in params:
-      if param.type_ == PropertyType.CHOICES:
-        for choice in param.choices.values():
-          expanded.append(choice)
-      else:
-        expanded.append(param)
-    return expanded
-
-  def GetAllPossibleParameterLists(self, params):
-    """Returns all possible parameter lists for the given set of parameters.
-    Every combination of arguments passed to any of the PropertyType.CHOICES
-    parameters will have a corresponding parameter list returned here.
-    """
-    if not params:
-      return [[]]
-    partial_parameter_lists = self.GetAllPossibleParameterLists(params[1:])
-    return [[param] + partial_list
-            for param in self.ExpandParams(params[:1])
-            for partial_list in partial_parameter_lists]
+    for type_name in namespace.types:
+      # Allow $refs to refer to just 'Type' within namespaces. Otherwise they
+      # must be qualified with 'namespace.Type'.
+      type_aliases = ['%s.%s' % (namespace.name, type_name)]
+      if namespace is self._namespace:
+        type_aliases.append(type_name)
+      for alias in type_aliases:
+        self._type_namespaces[alias] = namespace
 
   def GetCppNamespaceName(self, namespace):
     """Gets the mapped C++ namespace name for the given namespace relative to
@@ -95,106 +74,89 @@ class CppTypeGenerator(object):
     return Code().Append('}  // %s' %
         self.GetCppNamespaceName(self._namespace))
 
-  def GetEnumNoneValue(self, prop):
+  def GetEnumNoneValue(self, type_):
     """Gets the enum value in the given model.Property indicating no value has
     been set.
     """
-    return '%s_NONE' % self.GetReferencedProperty(prop).unix_name.upper()
+    return '%s_NONE' % self.FollowRef(type_).unix_name.upper()
 
-  def GetEnumValue(self, prop, enum_value):
+  def GetEnumValue(self, type_, enum_value):
     """Gets the enum value of the given model.Property of the given type.
 
     e.g VAR_STRING
     """
-    return '%s_%s' % (self.GetReferencedProperty(prop).unix_name.upper(),
+    return '%s_%s' % (self.FollowRef(type_).unix_name.upper(),
                       cpp_util.Classname(enum_value.upper()))
 
-  def GetChoicesEnumType(self, prop):
-    """Gets the type of the enum for the given model.Property.
-
-    e.g VarType
-    """
-    return cpp_util.Classname(prop.name) + 'Type'
-
-  def GetType(self, prop, pad_for_generics=False, wrap_optional=False):
-    return self._GetTypeHelper(prop, pad_for_generics, wrap_optional)
-
-  def GetCompiledType(self, prop, pad_for_generics=False, wrap_optional=False):
-    return self._GetTypeHelper(prop, pad_for_generics, wrap_optional,
-                               use_compiled_type=True)
-
-  def _GetTypeHelper(self, prop, pad_for_generics=False, wrap_optional=False,
-                     use_compiled_type=False):
-    """Translates a model.Property into its C++ type.
+  def GetCppType(self, type_, is_ptr=False, is_in_container=False):
+    """Translates a model.Property or model.Type into its C++ type.
 
     If REF types from different namespaces are referenced, will resolve
     using self._type_namespaces.
 
-    Use pad_for_generics when using as a generic to avoid operator ambiguity.
+    Use |is_ptr| if the type is optional. This will wrap the type in a
+    scoped_ptr if possible (it is not possible to wrap an enum).
 
-    Use wrap_optional to wrap the type in a scoped_ptr<T> if the Property is
-    optional.
-
-    Use use_compiled_type when converting from prop.type_ to prop.compiled_type.
+    Use |is_in_container| if the type is appearing in a collection, e.g. a
+    std::vector or std::map. This will wrap it in the correct type with spacing.
     """
     cpp_type = None
-    type_ = prop.type_ if not use_compiled_type else prop.compiled_type
-
-    if type_ == PropertyType.REF:
-      dependency_namespace = self._ResolveTypeNamespace(prop.ref_type)
+    if type_.property_type == PropertyType.REF:
+      ref = type_.ref_type
+      dependency_namespace = self._ResolveTypeNamespace(ref)
       if not dependency_namespace:
-        raise KeyError('Cannot find referenced type: %s' % prop.ref_type)
+        raise KeyError('Cannot find referenced type: %s' % ref)
       if self._namespace != dependency_namespace:
         cpp_type = '%s::%s' % (self._cpp_namespaces[dependency_namespace],
-            schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(prop.ref_type))
+                               schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(ref))
       else:
-        cpp_type = schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(prop.ref_type)
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.BOOLEAN:
+        cpp_type = schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(ref)
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.BOOLEAN:
       cpp_type = 'bool'
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.INTEGER:
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.INTEGER:
       cpp_type = 'int'
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.INT64:
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.INT64:
       cpp_type = 'int64'
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.DOUBLE:
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.DOUBLE:
       cpp_type = 'double'
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.STRING:
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.STRING:
       cpp_type = 'std::string'
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.ENUM:
-      cpp_type = cpp_util.Classname(prop.name)
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.ADDITIONAL_PROPERTIES:
-      cpp_type = 'base::DictionaryValue'
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.ANY:
-      cpp_type = any_helper.ANY_CLASS
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.OBJECT:
-      cpp_type = cpp_util.Classname(prop.name)
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.FUNCTION:
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.ENUM:
+      cpp_type = cpp_util.Classname(type_.name)
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.ANY:
+      cpp_type = 'base::Value'
+    elif (type_.property_type == PropertyType.OBJECT or
+          type_.property_type == PropertyType.CHOICES):
+      cpp_type = cpp_util.Classname(type_.name)
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.FUNCTION:
       # Functions come into the json schema compiler as empty objects. We can
-      # record these as empty DictionaryValue's so that we know if the function
+      # record these as empty DictionaryValues so that we know if the function
       # was passed in or not.
       cpp_type = 'base::DictionaryValue'
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.ARRAY:
-      item_type = prop.item_type
-      if item_type.type_ == PropertyType.REF:
-        item_type = self.GetReferencedProperty(item_type)
-      if item_type.type_ in (
-          PropertyType.REF, PropertyType.ANY, PropertyType.OBJECT):
-        cpp_type = 'std::vector<linked_ptr<%s> > '
-      else:
-        cpp_type = 'std::vector<%s> '
-      cpp_type = cpp_type % self.GetType(
-          prop.item_type, pad_for_generics=True)
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.BINARY:
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.ARRAY:
+      item_cpp_type = self.GetCppType(type_.item_type, is_in_container=True)
+      cpp_type = 'std::vector<%s>' % cpp_util.PadForGenerics(item_cpp_type)
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.BINARY:
       cpp_type = 'std::string'
     else:
-      raise NotImplementedError(type_)
+      raise NotImplementedError('Cannot get type of %s' % type_.property_type)
+
+    # HACK: optional ENUM is represented elsewhere with a _NONE value, so it
+    # never needs to be wrapped in pointer shenanigans.
+    # TODO(kalman): change this - but it's an exceedingly far-reaching change.
+    if not self.FollowRef(type_).property_type == PropertyType.ENUM:
+      if is_in_container and (is_ptr or not self.IsCopyable(type_)):
+        cpp_type = 'linked_ptr<%s>' % cpp_util.PadForGenerics(cpp_type)
+      elif is_ptr:
+        cpp_type = 'scoped_ptr<%s>' % cpp_util.PadForGenerics(cpp_type)
 
-    # Enums aren't wrapped because C++ won't allow it. Optional enums have a
-    # NONE value generated instead.
-    if wrap_optional and prop.optional and not self.IsEnumOrEnumRef(prop):
-      cpp_type = 'scoped_ptr<%s> ' % cpp_type
-    if pad_for_generics:
-      return cpp_type
-    return cpp_type.strip()
+    return cpp_type
+
+  def IsCopyable(self, type_):
+    return not (self.FollowRef(type_).property_type in (PropertyType.ANY,
+                                                        PropertyType.ARRAY,
+                                                        PropertyType.OBJECT,
+                                                        PropertyType.CHOICES))
 
   def GenerateForwardDeclarations(self):
     """Returns the forward declarations for self._namespace.
@@ -207,24 +169,17 @@ class CppTypeGenerator(object):
     for namespace in sorted(namespace_type_dependencies.keys(),
                             key=operator.attrgetter('name')):
       c.Append('namespace %s {' % namespace.name)
-      for type_ in sorted(namespace_type_dependencies[namespace],
-                          key=schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace):
-        type_name = schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(type_)
-        if namespace.types[type_].type_ == PropertyType.STRING:
-          c.Append('typedef std::string %s;' % type_name)
-        elif namespace.types[type_].type_ == PropertyType.ARRAY:
-          c.Append('typedef std::vector<%(item_type)s> %(name)s;')
-          c.Substitute({
-            'name': type_name,
-            'item_type': self.GetType(namespace.types[type_].item_type,
-                                      wrap_optional=True)})
-        # Enums cannot be forward declared.
-        elif namespace.types[type_].type_ != PropertyType.ENUM:
-          c.Append('struct %s;' % type_name)
+      for type_name in sorted(namespace_type_dependencies[namespace],
+                              key=schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace):
+        simple_type_name = schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(type_name)
+        type_ = namespace.types[simple_type_name]
+        # Add more ways to forward declare things as necessary.
+        if type_.property_type == PropertyType.OBJECT:
+          c.Append('struct %s;' % simple_type_name)
       c.Append('}')
     c.Concat(self.GetNamespaceStart())
     for (name, type_) in self._namespace.types.items():
-      if not type_.functions and type_.type_ == PropertyType.OBJECT:
+      if not type_.functions and type_.property_type == PropertyType.OBJECT:
         c.Append('struct %s;' % schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(name))
     c.Concat(self.GetNamespaceEnd())
     return c
@@ -244,37 +199,32 @@ class CppTypeGenerator(object):
       c.Append('#include "base/json/json_writer.h"')
     return c
 
-  def _ResolveTypeNamespace(self, ref_type):
+  def _ResolveTypeNamespace(self, qualified_name):
     """Resolves a type, which must be explicitly qualified, to its enclosing
     namespace.
     """
-    if ref_type in self._type_namespaces:
-      return self._type_namespaces[ref_type]
-    raise KeyError('Cannot resolve type: %s. Maybe it needs a namespace prefix '
-                   'if it comes from another namespace?' % ref_type)
-    return None
+    namespace = self._type_namespaces.get(qualified_name, None)
+    if namespace is None:
+      raise KeyError('Cannot resolve type %s. Maybe it needs a prefix '
+                     'if it comes from another namespace?' % qualified_type)
+    return namespace
 
-  def GetReferencedProperty(self, prop):
-    """Returns the property a property of type REF is referring to.
+  def FollowRef(self, type_):
+    """Follows $ref link of types to resolve the concrete type a ref refers to.
 
     If the property passed in is not of type PropertyType.REF, it will be
     returned unchanged.
     """
-    if prop.type_ != PropertyType.REF:
-      return prop
-    return self._ResolveTypeNamespace(prop.ref_type).types.get(prop.ref_type,
-        None)
+    if not type_.property_type == PropertyType.REF:
+      return type_
+    ref = type_.ref_type
 
-  def IsEnumOrEnumRef(self, prop):
-    """Returns true if the property is an ENUM or a reference to an ENUM.
-    """
-    return self.GetReferencedProperty(prop).type_ == PropertyType.ENUM
+    without_namespace = ref
+    if '.' in ref:
+      without_namespace = ref.split('.', 1)[1]
 
-  def IsEnumRef(self, prop):
-    """Returns true if the property is a reference to an ENUM.
-    """
-    return (prop.type_ == PropertyType.REF and
-            self.GetReferencedProperty(prop).type_ == PropertyType.ENUM)
+    # TODO(kalman): Do we need to keep on resolving?
+    return self._ResolveTypeNamespace(ref).types[without_namespace]
 
   def _NamespaceTypeDependencies(self):
     """Returns a dict containing a mapping of model.Namespace to the C++ type
@@ -283,16 +233,16 @@ class CppTypeGenerator(object):
     dependencies = set()
     for function in self._namespace.functions.values():
       for param in function.params:
-        dependencies |= self._PropertyTypeDependencies(param)
+        dependencies |= self._TypeDependencies(param.type_)
       if function.callback:
         for param in function.callback.params:
-          dependencies |= self._PropertyTypeDependencies(param)
+          dependencies |= self._TypeDependencies(param.type_)
     for type_ in self._namespace.types.values():
       for prop in type_.properties.values():
-        dependencies |= self._PropertyTypeDependencies(prop)
+        dependencies |= self._TypeDependencies(prop.type_)
     for event in self._namespace.events.values():
       for param in event.params:
-        dependencies |= self._PropertyTypeDependencies(param)
+        dependencies |= self._TypeDependencies(param.type_)
 
     dependency_namespaces = dict()
     for dependency in dependencies:
@@ -302,18 +252,17 @@ class CppTypeGenerator(object):
         dependency_namespaces[namespace].append(dependency)
     return dependency_namespaces
 
-  def _PropertyTypeDependencies(self, prop):
+  def _TypeDependencies(self, type_):
     """Recursively gets all the type dependencies of a property.
     """
     deps = set()
-    if prop:
-      if prop.type_ == PropertyType.REF:
-        deps.add(prop.ref_type)
-      elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.ARRAY:
-        deps = self._PropertyTypeDependencies(prop.item_type)
-      elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.OBJECT:
-        for p in prop.properties.values():
-          deps |= self._PropertyTypeDependencies(p)
+    if type_.property_type == PropertyType.REF:
+      deps.add(type_.ref_type)
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.ARRAY:
+      deps = self._TypeDependencies(type_.item_type)
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.OBJECT:
+      for p in type_.properties.values():
+        deps |= self._TypeDependencies(p.type_)
     return deps
 
   def GeneratePropertyValues(self, property, line, nodoc=False):
@@ -323,20 +272,19 @@ class CppTypeGenerator(object):
     if not nodoc:
       c.Comment(property.description)
 
-    if property.has_value:
+    if property.value is not None:
       c.Append(line % {
-          "type": self._GetPrimitiveType(property.type_),
+          "type": self.GetCppType(property.type_),
           "name": property.name,
           "value": property.value
         })
     else:
       has_child_code = False
       c.Sblock('namespace %s {' % property.name)
-      for child_property in property.properties.values():
-        child_code = self.GeneratePropertyValues(
-            child_property,
-            line,
-            nodoc=nodoc)
+      for child_property in property.type_.properties.values():
+        child_code = self.GeneratePropertyValues(child_property,
+                                                 line,
+                                                 nodoc=nodoc)
         if child_code:
           has_child_code = True
           c.Concat(child_code)
@@ -344,16 +292,3 @@ class CppTypeGenerator(object):
       if not has_child_code:
         c = None
     return c
-
-  def _GetPrimitiveType(self, type_):
-    """Like |GetType| but only accepts and returns C++ primitive types.
-    """
-    if type_ == PropertyType.BOOLEAN:
-      return 'bool'
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.INTEGER:
-      return 'int'
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.DOUBLE:
-      return 'double'
-    elif type_ == PropertyType.STRING:
-      return 'char*'
-    raise Exception(type_ + ' is not primitive')
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/cpp_type_generator_test.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/cpp_type_generator_test.py
index 4bfa507..2317a02 100755
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/cpp_type_generator_test.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/cpp_type_generator_test.py
@@ -71,33 +71,6 @@ class CppTypeGeneratorTest(unittest.TestCase):
     self.assertEquals('#include "base/string_number_conversions.h"',
                       manager.GenerateIncludes().Render())
 
-
-  def testGenerateIncludesAndForwardDeclarationsMultipleTypes(self):
-    m = model.Model()
-    self.tabs_json[0]['types'].append(self.permissions_json[0]['types'][0])
-    self.windows_json[0]['functions'].append(
-        self.permissions_json[0]['functions'][1])
-    # Insert 'windows' before 'tabs' in order to test that they are sorted
-    # properly.
-    windows = m.AddNamespace(self.windows_json[0],
-                             'path/to/windows.json')
-    tabs_namespace = m.AddNamespace(self.tabs_json[0],
-                                    'path/to/tabs.json')
-    manager = CppTypeGenerator('', windows, self.windows.unix_name)
-    manager.AddNamespace(tabs_namespace, self.tabs.unix_name)
-    self.assertEquals('#include "path/to/tabs.h"\n'
-                      '#include "base/string_number_conversions.h"\n'
-                      '#include "base/json/json_writer.h"',
-                      manager.GenerateIncludes().Render())
-    self.assertEquals('namespace tabs {\n'
-                      'struct Permissions;\n'
-                      'struct Tab;\n'
-                      '}\n'
-                      'namespace windows {\n'
-                      'struct Window;\n'
-                      '}  // windows',
-                      manager.GenerateForwardDeclarations().Render())
-
   def testGenerateIncludesAndForwardDeclarationsDependencies(self):
     m = model.Model()
     # Insert 'font_settings' before 'browser_action' in order to test that
@@ -117,98 +90,79 @@ class CppTypeGeneratorTest(unittest.TestCase):
                       '#include "base/string_number_conversions.h"',
                       manager.GenerateIncludes().Render())
     self.assertEquals('namespace browserAction {\n'
-                      'typedef std::vector<int> ColorArray;\n'
                       '}\n'
                       'namespace fontSettings {\n'
-                      'typedef std::string FakeStringType;\n'
                       '}\n'
                       'namespace dependency_tester {\n'
                       '}  // dependency_tester',
                       manager.GenerateForwardDeclarations().Render())
 
-  def testChoicesEnum(self):
-    manager = CppTypeGenerator('', self.tabs, self.tabs.unix_name)
-    prop = self.tabs.functions['move'].params[0]
-    self.assertEquals('TAB_IDS_ARRAY',
-                      manager.GetEnumValue(prop, model.PropertyType.ARRAY.name))
-    self.assertEquals(
-        'TAB_IDS_INTEGER',
-        manager.GetEnumValue(prop, model.PropertyType.INTEGER.name))
-    self.assertEquals('TabIdsType',
-                      manager.GetChoicesEnumType(prop))
-
-  def testGetTypeSimple(self):
+  def testGetCppTypeSimple(self):
     manager = CppTypeGenerator('', self.tabs, self.tabs.unix_name)
     self.assertEquals(
         'int',
-        manager.GetType(self.tabs.types['tabs.Tab'].properties['id']))
+        manager.GetCppType(self.tabs.types['Tab'].properties['id'].type_))
     self.assertEquals(
         'std::string',
-        manager.GetType(self.tabs.types['tabs.Tab'].properties['status']))
+        manager.GetCppType(self.tabs.types['Tab'].properties['status'].type_))
     self.assertEquals(
         'bool',
-        manager.GetType(self.tabs.types['tabs.Tab'].properties['selected']))
+        manager.GetCppType(self.tabs.types['Tab'].properties['selected'].type_))
 
   def testStringAsType(self):
     manager = CppTypeGenerator('', self.font_settings,
                                self.font_settings.unix_name)
     self.assertEquals(
         'std::string',
-        manager.GetType(
-            self.font_settings.types['fontSettings.FakeStringType']))
+        manager.GetCppType(self.font_settings.types['FakeStringType']))
 
   def testArrayAsType(self):
     manager = CppTypeGenerator('', self.browser_action,
                                self.browser_action.unix_name)
     self.assertEquals(
         'std::vector<int>',
-        manager.GetType(self.browser_action.types['browserAction.ColorArray']))
+        manager.GetCppType(self.browser_action.types['ColorArray']))
 
-  def testGetTypeArray(self):
+  def testGetCppTypeArray(self):
     manager = CppTypeGenerator('', self.windows, self.windows.unix_name)
     self.assertEquals(
         'std::vector<linked_ptr<Window> >',
-        manager.GetType(self.windows.functions['getAll'].callback.params[0]))
+        manager.GetCppType(
+            self.windows.functions['getAll'].callback.params[0].type_))
     manager = CppTypeGenerator('', self.permissions, self.permissions.unix_name)
-    self.assertEquals('std::vector<std::string>', manager.GetType(
-      self.permissions.types['permissions.Permissions'].properties['origins']))
+    self.assertEquals(
+        'std::vector<std::string>',
+        manager.GetCppType(
+            self.permissions.types['Permissions'].properties['origins'].type_))
 
-  def testGetTypeLocalRef(self):
+  def testGetCppTypeLocalRef(self):
     manager = CppTypeGenerator('', self.tabs, self.tabs.unix_name)
     self.assertEquals(
         'Tab',
-        manager.GetType(self.tabs.functions['get'].callback.params[0]))
+        manager.GetCppType(self.tabs.functions['get'].callback.params[0].type_))
 
-  def testGetTypeIncludedRef(self):
+  def testGetCppTypeIncludedRef(self):
     manager = CppTypeGenerator('', self.windows, self.windows.unix_name)
     manager.AddNamespace(self.tabs, self.tabs.unix_name)
     self.assertEquals(
         'std::vector<linked_ptr<tabs::Tab> >',
-        manager.GetType(
-            self.windows.types['windows.Window'].properties['tabs']))
+        manager.GetCppType(
+            self.windows.types['Window'].properties['tabs'].type_))
 
-  def testGetTypeNotfound(self):
-    prop = self.windows.types['windows.Window'].properties['tabs'].item_type
-    prop.ref_type = 'Something'
-    manager = CppTypeGenerator('', self.windows, self.windows.unix_name)
-    self.assertRaises(KeyError, manager.GetType, prop)
-
-  def testGetTypeNotimplemented(self):
-    prop = self.windows.types['windows.Window'].properties['tabs'].item_type
-    prop.type_ = 10
-    manager = CppTypeGenerator('', self.windows, self.windows.unix_name)
-    self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, manager.GetType, prop)
-
-  def testGetTypeWithPadForGeneric(self):
+  def testGetCppTypeWithPadForGeneric(self):
     manager = CppTypeGenerator('', self.permissions, self.permissions.unix_name)
-    self.assertEquals('std::vector<std::string> ',
-        manager.GetType(
-        self.permissions.types['permissions.Permissions'].properties['origins'],
-        pad_for_generics=True))
+    self.assertEquals('std::vector<std::string>',
+        manager.GetCppType(
+            self.permissions.types['Permissions'].properties['origins'].type_,
+            is_in_container=False))
+    self.assertEquals('linked_ptr<std::vector<std::string> >',
+        manager.GetCppType(
+            self.permissions.types['Permissions'].properties['origins'].type_,
+            is_in_container=True))
     self.assertEquals('bool',
-        manager.GetType(
-            self.permissions.functions['contains'].callback.params[0],
-        pad_for_generics=True))
+        manager.GetCppType(
+            self.permissions.functions['contains'].callback.params[0].type_,
+        is_in_container=True))
 
   def testNamespaceDeclaration(self):
     manager = CppTypeGenerator('extensions', self.permissions,
@@ -231,33 +185,5 @@ class CppTypeGeneratorTest(unittest.TestCase):
                       '}  // extensions',
                       manager.GetRootNamespaceEnd().Render())
 
-  def testExpandParams(self):
-    manager = CppTypeGenerator('extensions', self.tabs,
-                               self.tabs.unix_name)
-    props = self.tabs.functions['move'].params
-    self.assertEquals(2, len(props))
-    self.assertEquals(['move_properties', 'tab_ids_array', 'tab_ids_integer'],
-        sorted([x.unix_name for x in manager.ExpandParams(props)])
-    )
-
-  def testGetAllPossibleParameterLists(self):
-    manager = CppTypeGenerator('extensions', self.tabs,
-                               self.tabs.unix_name)
-    props = self.forbidden.functions['forbiddenParameters'].params
-    self.assertEquals(4, len(props))
-    param_lists = manager.GetAllPossibleParameterLists(props)
-    expected_lists = [
-        ['first_choice_array', 'first_string',
-         'second_choice_array', 'second_string'],
-        ['first_choice_array', 'first_string',
-         'second_choice_integer', 'second_string'],
-        ['first_choice_integer', 'first_string',
-         'second_choice_array', 'second_string'],
-        ['first_choice_integer', 'first_string',
-         'second_choice_integer', 'second_string']]
-    result_lists = sorted([[param.unix_name for param in param_list]
-                           for param_list in param_lists])
-    self.assertEquals(expected_lists, result_lists)
-
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   unittest.main()
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/cpp_util.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/cpp_util.py
index 96a5cd3..9ce14ca 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/cpp_util.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/cpp_util.py
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
 # Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
 # found in the LICENSE file.
+
 """Utilies and constants specific to Chromium C++ code.
 """
 
 from datetime import datetime
-from model import PropertyType
+from model import Property, PropertyType, Type
 import os
 
 CHROMIUM_LICENSE = (
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ def Classname(s):
   """
   return '_'.join([x[0].upper() + x[1:] for x in s.split('.')])
 
-def GetAsFundamentalValue(prop, src, dst):
+def GetAsFundamentalValue(type_, src, dst):
   """Returns the C++ code for retrieving a fundamental type from a
   Value into a variable.
 
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ def GetAsFundamentalValue(prop, src, dst):
       PropertyType.BOOLEAN: '%s->GetAsBoolean(%s)',
       PropertyType.INTEGER: '%s->GetAsInteger(%s)',
       PropertyType.DOUBLE: '%s->GetAsDouble(%s)',
-  }[prop.type_] % (src, dst)
+  }[type_.property_type] % (src, dst)
 
 def GetValueType(type_):
   """Returns the Value::Type corresponding to the model.PropertyType.
@@ -58,15 +59,18 @@ def GetValueType(type_):
       PropertyType.FUNCTION: 'Value::TYPE_DICTIONARY',
       PropertyType.ARRAY: 'Value::TYPE_LIST',
       PropertyType.BINARY: 'Value::TYPE_BINARY',
-  }[type_]
+  }[type_.property_type]
 
 def GetParameterDeclaration(param, type_):
   """Gets a parameter declaration of a given model.Property and its C++
   type.
   """
-  if param.type_ in (PropertyType.REF, PropertyType.OBJECT, PropertyType.ARRAY,
-      PropertyType.STRING, PropertyType.ANY):
-    arg = '%(type)s& %(name)s'
+  if param.type_.property_type in (PropertyType.REF,
+                                   PropertyType.OBJECT,
+                                   PropertyType.ARRAY,
+                                   PropertyType.STRING,
+                                   PropertyType.ANY):
+    arg = 'const %(type)s& %(name)s'
   else:
     arg = '%(type)s %(name)s'
   return arg % {
@@ -82,40 +86,8 @@ def GenerateIfndefName(path, filename):
   return (('%s_%s_H__' % (path, filename))
           .upper().replace(os.sep, '_').replace('/', '_'))
 
-def GenerateTypeToCompiledTypeConversion(prop, from_, to):
-  try:
-    return _GenerateTypeConversionHelper(prop.type_, prop.compiled_type, from_,
-                                         to)
-  except KeyError:
-    raise NotImplementedError('Conversion from %s to %s in %s not supported' %
-                              (prop.type_, prop.compiled_type, prop.name))
-
-def GenerateCompiledTypeToTypeConversion(prop, from_, to):
-  try:
-    return _GenerateTypeConversionHelper(prop.compiled_type, prop.type_, from_,
-                                         to)
-  except KeyError:
-    raise NotImplementedError('Conversion from %s to %s in %s not supported' %
-                              (prop.compiled_type, prop.type_, prop.name))
-
-def _GenerateTypeConversionHelper(from_type, to_type, from_, to):
-  """Converts from PropertyType from_type to PropertyType to_type.
-
-  from_type: The PropertyType to be converted from.
-  to_type: The PropertyType to be converted to.
-  from_: The variable name of the type to be converted from.
-  to: The variable name of the type to be converted to.
+def PadForGenerics(var):
+  """Appends a space to |var| if it ends with a >, so that it can be compiled
+  within generic types.
   """
-  # TODO(mwrosen): Add support for more from/to combinations as necessary.
-  return {
-      PropertyType.STRING: {
-          PropertyType.INTEGER: 'base::StringToInt(%(from)s, &%(to)s)',
-          PropertyType.INT64: 'base::StringToInt64(%(from)s, &%(to)s)',
-      },
-      PropertyType.INTEGER: {
-          PropertyType.STRING: '%(to)s = base::IntToString(%(from)s)',
-      },
-      PropertyType.INT64: {
-          PropertyType.STRING: '%(to)s = base::Int64ToString(%(from)s)',
-      }
-  }[from_type][to_type] % {'from': from_, 'to': to}
+  return ('%s ' % var) if var.endswith('>') else var
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/h_generator.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/h_generator.py
index 05a0241..0bc44b7 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/h_generator.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/h_generator.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # found in the LICENSE file.
 
 from code import Code
-from model import PropertyType
+from model import PropertyType, Type
 import cpp_util
 import schema_util
 
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ class HGenerator(object):
   """A .h generator for a namespace.
   """
   def __init__(self, namespace, cpp_type_generator):
-    self._cpp_type_generator = cpp_type_generator
+    self._type_helper = cpp_type_generator
     self._namespace = namespace
     self._target_namespace = (
-        self._cpp_type_generator.GetCppNamespaceName(self._namespace))
+        self._type_helper.GetCppNamespaceName(self._namespace))
 
   def Generate(self):
     """Generates a Code object with the .h for a single namespace.
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ class HGenerator(object):
     (c.Append('#ifndef %s' % ifndef_name)
       .Append('#define %s' % ifndef_name)
       .Append()
+      .Append('#include <map>')
       .Append('#include <string>')
       .Append('#include <vector>')
       .Append()
@@ -39,24 +40,22 @@ class HGenerator(object):
       .Append('#include "base/memory/linked_ptr.h"')
       .Append('#include "base/memory/scoped_ptr.h"')
       .Append('#include "base/values.h"')
-      .Append('#include "tools/json_schema_compiler/any.h"')
       .Append()
     )
 
-    c.Concat(self._cpp_type_generator.GetRootNamespaceStart())
+    c.Concat(self._type_helper.GetRootNamespaceStart())
     # TODO(calamity): These forward declarations should be #includes to allow
     # $ref types from other files to be used as required params. This requires
     # some detangling of windows and tabs which will currently lead to circular
     # #includes.
     forward_declarations = (
-        self._cpp_type_generator.GenerateForwardDeclarations())
+        self._type_helper.GenerateForwardDeclarations())
     if not forward_declarations.IsEmpty():
       (c.Append()
-        .Concat(forward_declarations)
-        .Append()
+        .Cblock(forward_declarations)
       )
 
-    c.Concat(self._cpp_type_generator.GetNamespaceStart())
+    c.Concat(self._type_helper.GetNamespaceStart())
     c.Append()
     if self._namespace.properties:
       (c.Append('//')
@@ -65,21 +64,20 @@ class HGenerator(object):
         .Append()
       )
       for property in self._namespace.properties.values():
-        property_code = self._cpp_type_generator.GeneratePropertyValues(
+        property_code = self._type_helper.GeneratePropertyValues(
             property,
             'extern const %(type)s %(name)s;')
         if property_code:
-          c.Concat(property_code).Append()
+          c.Cblock(property_code)
     if self._namespace.types:
       (c.Append('//')
         .Append('// Types')
         .Append('//')
         .Append()
+        .Cblock(self._GenerateTypes(self._FieldDependencyOrder(),
+                                    is_toplevel=True,
+                                    generate_typedefs=True))
       )
-      for type_ in self._FieldDependencyOrder():
-        (c.Concat(self._GenerateType(type_))
-          .Append()
-        )
     if self._namespace.functions:
       (c.Append('//')
         .Append('// Functions')
@@ -87,9 +85,7 @@ class HGenerator(object):
         .Append()
       )
       for function in self._namespace.functions.values():
-        (c.Concat(self._GenerateFunction(function))
-          .Append()
-        )
+        c.Cblock(self._GenerateFunction(function))
     if self._namespace.events:
       (c.Append('//')
         .Append('// Events')
@@ -97,12 +93,9 @@ class HGenerator(object):
         .Append()
       )
       for event in self._namespace.events.values():
-        (c.Concat(self._GenerateEvent(event))
-          .Append()
-        )
-    (c.Concat(self._cpp_type_generator.GetNamespaceEnd())
-      .Concat(self._cpp_type_generator.GetRootNamespaceEnd())
-      .Append()
+        c.Cblock(self._GenerateEvent(event))
+    (c.Concat(self._type_helper.GetNamespaceEnd())
+      .Cblock(self._type_helper.GetRootNamespaceEnd())
       .Append('#endif  // %s' % ifndef_name)
       .Append()
     )
@@ -129,113 +122,158 @@ class HGenerator(object):
       ExpandType([], type_)
     return dependency_order
 
-  def _GenerateEnumDeclaration(self, enum_name, prop, values):
-    """Generate the declaration of a C++ enum for the given property and
-    values.
+  def _GenerateEnumDeclaration(self, enum_name, type_):
+    """Generate the declaration of a C++ enum.
     """
     c = Code()
     c.Sblock('enum %s {' % enum_name)
-    c.Append(self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumNoneValue(prop) + ',')
-    for value in values:
-      c.Append(self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumValue(prop, value) + ',')
-    (c.Eblock('};')
-      .Append()
-    )
-    return c
+    c.Append(self._type_helper.GetEnumNoneValue(type_) + ',')
+    for value in type_.enum_values:
+      c.Append(self._type_helper.GetEnumValue(type_, value) + ',')
+    return c.Eblock('};')
 
   def _GenerateFields(self, props):
     """Generates the field declarations when declaring a type.
     """
     c = Code()
-    # Generate the enums needed for any fields with "choices"
+    needs_blank_line = False
     for prop in props:
-      if prop.type_ == PropertyType.CHOICES:
-        enum_name = self._cpp_type_generator.GetChoicesEnumType(prop)
-        c.Append('%s %s_type;' % (enum_name, prop.unix_name))
+      if needs_blank_line:
         c.Append()
-
-    for prop in self._cpp_type_generator.ExpandParams(props):
+      needs_blank_line = True
       if prop.description:
         c.Comment(prop.description)
+      # ANY is a base::Value which is abstract and cannot be a direct member, so
+      # we always need to wrap it in a scoped_ptr.
+      is_ptr = prop.optional or prop.type_.property_type == PropertyType.ANY
       (c.Append('%s %s;' % (
-           self._cpp_type_generator.GetCompiledType(prop, wrap_optional=True),
+           self._type_helper.GetCppType(prop.type_, is_ptr=is_ptr),
            prop.unix_name))
-        .Append()
       )
     return c
 
-  def _GenerateType(self, type_):
-    """Generates a struct for a type.
+  def _GenerateType(self, type_, is_toplevel=False, generate_typedefs=False):
+    """Generates a struct for |type_|.
+
+    |is_toplevel|       implies that the type was declared in the "types" field
+                        of an API schema. This determines the correct function
+                        modifier(s).
+    |generate_typedefs| controls whether primitive types should be generated as
+                        a typedef. This may not always be desired. If false,
+                        primitive types are ignored.
     """
     classname = cpp_util.Classname(schema_util.StripSchemaNamespace(type_.name))
     c = Code()
 
     if type_.functions:
-      c.Sblock('namespace %(classname)s {')
+      # Wrap functions within types in the type's namespace.
+      (c.Append('namespace %s {' % classname)
+        .Append()
+      )
       for function in type_.functions.values():
-        (c.Concat(self._GenerateFunction(function))
-          .Append()
-        )
-      c.Eblock('}')
-    elif type_.type_ == PropertyType.ARRAY:
-      if type_.description:
+        c.Cblock(self._GenerateFunction(function))
+      c.Append('}  // namespace %s' % classname)
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.ARRAY:
+      if generate_typedefs and type_.description:
         c.Comment(type_.description)
-      c.Append('typedef std::vector<%(item_type)s> %(classname)s;')
-      c.Substitute({'classname': classname, 'item_type':
-          self._cpp_type_generator.GetCompiledType(type_.item_type,
-                                                   wrap_optional=True)})
-    elif type_.type_ == PropertyType.STRING:
-      if type_.description:
-        c.Comment(type_.description)
-      c.Append('typedef std::string %(classname)s;')
-    elif type_.type_ == PropertyType.ENUM:
+      c.Cblock(self._GenerateType(type_.item_type))
+      if generate_typedefs:
+        (c.Append('typedef std::vector<%s > %s;' % (
+                       self._type_helper.GetCppType(type_.item_type),
+                       classname))
+        )
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.STRING:
+      if generate_typedefs:
+        if type_.description:
+          c.Comment(type_.description)
+        c.Append('typedef std::string %(classname)s;')
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.ENUM:
       if type_.description:
         c.Comment(type_.description)
       c.Sblock('enum %(classname)s {')
-      c.Append('%s,' % self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumNoneValue(type_))
+      c.Append('%s,' % self._type_helper.GetEnumNoneValue(type_))
       for value in type_.enum_values:
-        c.Append('%s,' % self._cpp_type_generator.GetEnumValue(type_, value))
+        c.Append('%s,' % self._type_helper.GetEnumValue(type_, value))
+      # Top level enums are in a namespace scope so the methods shouldn't be
+      # static. On the other hand, those declared inline (e.g. in an object) do.
+      maybe_static = '' if is_toplevel else 'static '
       (c.Eblock('};')
         .Append()
-        .Append('scoped_ptr<base::Value> CreateEnumValue(%s %s);' %
-                (classname, classname.lower()))
-        .Append('std::string ToString(%s enum_param);' % classname)
-        .Append('%s From%sString(const std::string& enum_string);' %
-            (classname, classname))
+        .Append('%sstd::string ToString(%s as_enum);' %
+                    (maybe_static, classname))
+        .Append('%s%s Parse%s(const std::string& as_string);' %
+                    (maybe_static, classname, classname))
       )
-    else:
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.OBJECT:
       if type_.description:
         c.Comment(type_.description)
       (c.Sblock('struct %(classname)s {')
-          .Append('~%(classname)s();')
           .Append('%(classname)s();')
-          .Append()
-          .Concat(self._GeneratePropertyStructures(type_.properties.values()))
-          .Concat(self._GenerateFields(type_.properties.values()))
+          .Append('~%(classname)s();')
       )
-      if type_.from_json:
-        (c.Comment('Populates a %s object from a base::Value. Returns'
+      if type_.origin.from_json:
+        (c.Append()
+          .Comment('Populates a %s object from a base::Value. Returns'
                    ' whether |out| was successfully populated.' % classname)
           .Append('static bool Populate(const base::Value& value, '
                   '%(classname)s* out);')
-          .Append()
         )
-
-      if type_.from_client:
-        (c.Comment('Returns a new base::DictionaryValue representing the'
-                   ' serialized form of this %s object. Passes '
-                   'ownership to caller.' % classname)
+      if type_.origin.from_client:
+        (c.Append()
+          .Comment('Returns a new base::DictionaryValue representing the'
+                   ' serialized form of this %s object.' % classname)
           .Append('scoped_ptr<base::DictionaryValue> ToValue() const;')
         )
-
+      properties = type_.properties.values()
+      (c.Append()
+        .Cblock(self._GenerateTypes(p.type_ for p in properties))
+        .Cblock(self._GenerateFields(properties)))
+      if type_.additional_properties is not None:
+        # Most additionalProperties actually have type "any", which is better
+        # modelled as a DictionaryValue rather than a map of string -> Value.
+        if type_.additional_properties.property_type == PropertyType.ANY:
+          c.Append('base::DictionaryValue additional_properties;')
+        else:
+          (c.Cblock(self._GenerateType(type_.additional_properties))
+            .Append('std::map<std::string, %s> additional_properties;' %
+                cpp_util.PadForGenerics(
+                    self._type_helper.GetCppType(type_.additional_properties,
+                                                 is_in_container=True)))
+          )
       (c.Eblock()
         .Sblock(' private:')
-          .Concat(self._GeneratePrivatePropertyStructures(
-              type_.properties.values()))
-          .Append()
           .Append('DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(%(classname)s);')
         .Eblock('};')
       )
+    elif type_.property_type == PropertyType.CHOICES:
+      if type_.description:
+        c.Comment(type_.description)
+      # Choices are modelled with optional fields for each choice. Exactly one
+      # field of the choice is guaranteed to be set by the compiler.
+      (c.Sblock('struct %(classname)s {')
+          .Append('%(classname)s();')
+          .Append('~%(classname)s();')
+          .Append())
+      c.Cblock(self._GenerateTypes(type_.choices))
+      if type_.origin.from_json:
+        (c.Comment('Populates a %s object from a base::Value. Returns'
+                   ' whether |out| was successfully populated.' % classname)
+          .Append('static bool Populate(const base::Value& value, '
+                  '%(classname)s* out);')
+          .Append()
+        )
+      if type_.origin.from_client:
+        (c.Comment('Returns a new base::Value representing the'
+                   ' serialized form of this %s object.' % classname)
+          .Append('scoped_ptr<base::Value> ToValue() const;')
+          .Append()
+        )
+      c.Append('// Choices:')
+      for choice_type in type_.choices:
+        c.Append('%s as_%s;' % (
+            self._type_helper.GetCppType(choice_type, is_ptr=True),
+            choice_type.unix_name))
+      c.Eblock('};')
     c.Substitute({'classname': classname})
     return c
 
@@ -243,10 +281,12 @@ class HGenerator(object):
     """Generates the namespaces for an event.
     """
     c = Code()
-    (c.Sblock('namespace %s {' % cpp_util.Classname(event.name))
-        .Concat(self._GenerateCreateCallbackArguments(event,
-                                                      generate_to_json=True))
-      .Eblock('};')
+    # TODO(kalman): use event.unix_name not Classname.
+    event_namespace = cpp_util.Classname(event.name)
+    (c.Append('namespace %s {' % event_namespace)
+      .Append()
+      .Concat(self._GenerateCreateCallbackArguments(event))
+      .Eblock('}  // namespace %s' % event_namespace)
     )
     return c
 
@@ -254,125 +294,74 @@ class HGenerator(object):
     """Generates the namespaces and structs for a function.
     """
     c = Code()
-    (c.Sblock('namespace %s {' % cpp_util.Classname(function.name))
-        .Concat(self._GenerateFunctionParams(function))
-        .Append()
+    # TODO(kalman): Use function.unix_name not Classname here.
+    function_namespace = cpp_util.Classname(function.name)
+    (c.Append('namespace %s {' % function_namespace)
+      .Append()
+      .Cblock(self._GenerateFunctionParams(function))
     )
     if function.callback:
-      (c.Concat(self._GenerateFunctionResults(function.callback))
-        .Append()
-      )
-    c.Eblock('};')
-
+      c.Cblock(self._GenerateFunctionResults(function.callback))
+    c.Append('}  // namespace %s' % function_namespace)
     return c
 
   def _GenerateFunctionParams(self, function):
     """Generates the struct for passing parameters from JSON to a function.
     """
-    c = Code()
-
-    if function.params:
-      (c.Sblock('struct Params {')
-          .Concat(self._GeneratePropertyStructures(function.params))
-          .Concat(self._GenerateFields(function.params))
-          .Append('~Params();')
-          .Append()
-          .Append('static scoped_ptr<Params> Create('
-                  'const base::ListValue& args);')
-        .Eblock()
-        .Sblock(' private:')
-          .Append('Params();')
-          .Append()
-          .Append('DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Params);')
-        .Eblock('};')
-      )
+    if not function.params:
+      return Code()
 
+    c = Code()
+    (c.Sblock('struct Params {')
+      .Append('static scoped_ptr<Params> Create(const base::ListValue& args);')
+      .Append('~Params();')
+      .Append()
+      .Cblock(self._GenerateTypes(p.type_ for p in function.params))
+      .Cblock(self._GenerateFields(function.params))
+      .Eblock()
+      .Sblock(' private:')
+        .Append('Params();')
+        .Append()
+        .Append('DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Params);')
+      .Eblock('};')
+    )
     return c
 
-  def _GeneratePropertyStructures(self, props):
+  def _GenerateTypes(self, types, is_toplevel=False, generate_typedefs=False):
     """Generate the structures required by a property such as OBJECT classes
     and enums.
     """
     c = Code()
-    for prop in props:
-      if prop.type_ == PropertyType.OBJECT:
-        c.Concat(self._GenerateType(prop))
-        c.Append()
-      elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.ARRAY:
-        c.Concat(self._GeneratePropertyStructures([prop.item_type]))
-        c.Append()
-      elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.CHOICES:
-        c.Concat(self._GenerateEnumDeclaration(
-            self._cpp_type_generator.GetChoicesEnumType(prop),
-            prop,
-            [choice.type_.name for choice in prop.choices.values()]))
-        c.Concat(self._GeneratePropertyStructures(prop.choices.values()))
-      elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.ENUM:
-        enum_name = self._cpp_type_generator.GetCompiledType(prop)
-        c.Concat(self._GenerateEnumDeclaration(
-            enum_name,
-            prop,
-            prop.enum_values))
-        create_enum_value = ('scoped_ptr<base::Value> CreateEnumValue(%s %s);' %
-                            (enum_name, prop.unix_name))
-        enum_to_string = 'std::string ToString(%s enum_param);' % enum_name
-        enum_from_string = ('%s From%sString(const std::string& enum_string);' %
-            (enum_name, enum_name))
-        # If the property is from the UI then we're in a struct so this function
-        # should be static. If it's from the client, then we're just in a
-        # namespace so we can't have the static keyword.
-        if prop.from_json:
-          create_enum_value = 'static %s' % create_enum_value
-          enum_to_string = 'static %s' % enum_to_string
-          enum_from_string = 'static %s' % enum_from_string
-        (c.Append(create_enum_value)
-          .Append(enum_to_string)
-          .Append(enum_from_string))
-    return c
-
-  def _GeneratePrivatePropertyStructures(self, props):
-    """Generate the private structures required by a property such as OBJECT
-    classes and enums.
-    """
-    c = Code()
-    for prop in props:
-      if prop.type_ == PropertyType.ARRAY:
-        c.Concat(self._GeneratePrivatePropertyStructures([prop.item_type]))
-        c.Append()
-      elif prop.type_ == PropertyType.CHOICES:
-        # We only need GetChoiceValue() if there is a ToValue() method.
-        if prop.from_client:
-          c.Append('scoped_ptr<base::Value> Get%sChoiceValue() const;' % (
-              cpp_util.Classname(prop.name)))
+    for type_ in types:
+      c.Cblock(self._GenerateType(type_,
+                                  is_toplevel=is_toplevel,
+                                  generate_typedefs=generate_typedefs))
     return c
 
-  def _GenerateCreateCallbackArguments(self, function, generate_to_json=False):
-    """Generates functions for passing paramaters to a callback.
+  def _GenerateCreateCallbackArguments(self, function):
+    """Generates functions for passing parameters to a callback.
     """
     c = Code()
     params = function.params
-    c.Concat(self._GeneratePropertyStructures(params))
+    c.Cblock(self._GenerateTypes((p.type_ for p in params), is_toplevel=True))
 
-    param_lists = self._cpp_type_generator.GetAllPossibleParameterLists(params)
-    for param_list in param_lists:
-      declaration_list = []
-      for param in param_list:
-        if param.description:
-          c.Comment(param.description)
-        declaration_list.append('const %s' % cpp_util.GetParameterDeclaration(
-            param, self._cpp_type_generator.GetCompiledType(param)))
-      c.Append('scoped_ptr<base::ListValue> Create(%s);' %
-               ', '.join(declaration_list))
-      if generate_to_json:
-        c.Append('std::string ToJson(%s);' % ', '.join(declaration_list))
+    declaration_list = []
+    for param in params:
+      if param.description:
+        c.Comment(param.description)
+      declaration_list.append(cpp_util.GetParameterDeclaration(
+          param, self._type_helper.GetCppType(param.type_)))
+    c.Append('scoped_ptr<base::ListValue> Create(%s);' %
+             ', '.join(declaration_list))
     return c
 
   def _GenerateFunctionResults(self, callback):
     """Generates namespace for passing a function's result back.
     """
     c = Code()
-    (c.Sblock('namespace Results {')
-        .Concat(self._GenerateCreateCallbackArguments(callback))
-      .Eblock('};')
+    (c.Append('namespace Results {')
+      .Append()
+      .Concat(self._GenerateCreateCallbackArguments(callback))
+      .Append('}  // namespace Results')
     )
     return c
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/idl_schema.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/idl_schema.py
index 30dad11..907aacf 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/idl_schema.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/idl_schema.py
@@ -352,7 +352,6 @@ class IDLSchema(object):
           continue
       else:
         sys.exit('Did not process %s %s' % (node.cls, node))
-    schema_util.PrefixSchemasWithNamespace(namespaces)
     return namespaces
 
 def Load(filename):
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/idl_schema_test.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/idl_schema_test.py
index a4fd0d8..873333b 100755
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/idl_schema_test.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/idl_schema_test.py
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ class IdlSchemaTest(unittest.TestCase):
     self.assertEquals(expected, getParams(schema, 'function5'))
 
     expected = [{'type':'function', 'name':'cb',
-                 'parameters':[{'name':'arg', '$ref':'idl_basics.MyType1'}]}]
+                 'parameters':[{'name':'arg', '$ref':'MyType1'}]}]
     self.assertEquals(expected, getParams(schema, 'function6'))
 
   def testCallbackWithArrayArgument(self):
     schema = self.idl_basics
     expected = [{'type':'function', 'name':'cb',
                  'parameters':[{'name':'arg', 'type':'array',
-                                'items':{'$ref':'idl_basics.MyType2'}}]}]
+                                'items':{'$ref':'MyType2'}}]}]
     self.assertEquals(expected, getParams(schema, 'function12'))
 
 
@@ -61,20 +61,20 @@ class IdlSchemaTest(unittest.TestCase):
         'x': {'name': 'x', 'type': 'integer', 'enum': [1,2],
               'description': 'This comment tests "double-quotes".'},
         'y': {'name': 'y', 'type': 'string'}},
-      getType(self.idl_basics, 'idl_basics.MyType1')['properties'])
+      getType(self.idl_basics, 'MyType1')['properties'])
 
   def testEnum(self):
     schema = self.idl_basics
     expected = {'enum': ['name1', 'name2'], 'description': 'Enum description',
-                'type': 'string', 'id': 'idl_basics.EnumType'}
+                'type': 'string', 'id': 'EnumType'}
     self.assertEquals(expected, getType(schema, expected['id']))
 
-    expected = [{'name':'type', '$ref':'idl_basics.EnumType'},
+    expected = [{'name':'type', '$ref':'EnumType'},
                 {'type':'function', 'name':'cb',
-                  'parameters':[{'name':'type', '$ref':'idl_basics.EnumType'}]}]
+                  'parameters':[{'name':'type', '$ref':'EnumType'}]}]
     self.assertEquals(expected, getParams(schema, 'function13'))
 
-    expected = [{'items': {'$ref': 'idl_basics.EnumType'}, 'name': 'types',
+    expected = [{'items': {'$ref': 'EnumType'}, 'name': 'types',
                  'type': 'array'}]
     self.assertEquals(expected, getParams(schema, 'function14'))
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class IdlSchemaTest(unittest.TestCase):
         [{'description': ('So should this comment about the argument. '
                           '<em>HTML</em> is fine too.'),
           'name': 'arg',
-          '$ref': 'idl_basics.MyType1'}],
+          '$ref': 'MyType1'}],
         func['parameters'])
     func = getFunction(schema, 'function4')
     self.assertEquals(('This tests if "double-quotes" are escaped correctly.'
@@ -124,21 +124,21 @@ class IdlSchemaTest(unittest.TestCase):
   def testReservedWords(self):
     schema = idl_schema.Load('test/idl_reserved_words.idl')[0]
 
-    foo_type = getType(schema, 'reserved_words.Foo')
+    foo_type = getType(schema, 'Foo')
     self.assertEquals(['float', 'DOMString'], foo_type['enum'])
 
-    enum_type = getType(schema, 'reserved_words.enum')
+    enum_type = getType(schema, 'enum')
     self.assertEquals(['callback', 'namespace'], enum_type['enum'])
 
-    dictionary = getType(schema, 'reserved_words.dictionary');
+    dictionary = getType(schema, 'dictionary');
     self.assertEquals('integer', dictionary['properties']['long']['type'])
 
-    mytype = getType(schema, 'reserved_words.MyType')
+    mytype = getType(schema, 'MyType')
     self.assertEquals('string', mytype['properties']['interface']['type'])
 
     params = getParams(schema, 'static')
-    self.assertEquals('reserved_words.Foo', params[0]['$ref'])
-    self.assertEquals('reserved_words.enum', params[1]['$ref'])
+    self.assertEquals('Foo', params[0]['$ref'])
+    self.assertEquals('enum', params[1]['$ref'])
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   unittest.main()
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/json_schema.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/json_schema.py
index 370bc9b..8ee53a8 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/json_schema.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/json_schema.py
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ def DeleteNocompileNodes(item):
 def Load(filename):
   with open(filename, 'r') as handle:
     schemas = json_parse.Parse(handle.read())
-  schema_util.PrefixSchemasWithNamespace(schemas)
   return schemas
 
 # A dictionary mapping |filename| to the object resulting from loading the JSON
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/model.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/model.py
index 36be5a3..63794279 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/model.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/model.py
@@ -60,76 +60,129 @@ class Namespace(object):
     self.source_file_dir, self.source_file_filename = os.path.split(source_file)
     self.parent = None
     self.platforms = _GetPlatforms(json)
-    _AddTypes(self, json, self)
-    _AddFunctions(self, json, self)
-    _AddEvents(self, json, self)
-    _AddProperties(self, json, self)
+    toplevel_origin = Origin(from_client=True, from_json=True)
+    self.types = _GetTypes(self, json, self, toplevel_origin)
+    self.functions = _GetFunctions(self, json, self)
+    self.events = _GetEvents(self, json, self)
+    self.properties = _GetProperties(self, json, self, toplevel_origin)
     if include_compiler_options:
       self.compiler_options = json.get('compiler_options', {})
 
+class Origin(object):
+  """Stores the possible origin of model object as a pair of bools. These are:
+
+  |from_client| indicating that instances can originate from users of
+                generated code (for example, function results), or
+  |from_json|   indicating that instances can originate from the JSON (for
+                example, function parameters)
+
+  It is possible for model objects to originate from both the client and json,
+  for example Types defined in the top-level schema, in which case both
+  |from_client| and |from_json| would be True.
+  """
+  def __init__(self, from_client=False, from_json=False):
+    if not from_client and not from_json:
+      raise ValueError('One of from_client or from_json must be true')
+    self.from_client = from_client
+    self.from_json = from_json
+
 class Type(object):
   """A Type defined in the json.
 
   Properties:
   - |name| the type name
+  - |namespace| the Type's namespace
   - |description| the description of the type (if provided)
   - |properties| a map of property unix_names to their model.Property
   - |functions| a map of function names to their model.Function
   - |events| a map of event names to their model.Event
-  - |from_client| indicates that instances of the Type can originate from the
-    users of generated code, such as top-level types and function results
-  - |from_json| indicates that instances of the Type can originate from the
-    JSON (as described by the schema), such as top-level types and function
-    parameters
-  - |type_| the PropertyType of this Type
+  - |origin| the Origin of the type
+  - |property_type| the PropertyType of this Type
   - |item_type| if this is an array, the type of items in the array
   - |simple_name| the name of this Type without a namespace
+  - |additional_properties| the type of the additional properties, if any is
+                            specified
   """
-  def __init__(self, parent, name, json, namespace):
-    if json.get('type') == 'array':
-      self.type_ = PropertyType.ARRAY
-      self.item_type = Property(self,
-                                name + "Element",
-                                json['items'],
-                                namespace,
-                                from_json=True,
-                                from_client=True)
-    elif 'enum' in json:
-      self.enum_values = []
-      for value in json['enum']:
-        self.enum_values.append(value)
-      self.type_ = PropertyType.ENUM
-    elif json.get('type') == 'string':
-      self.type_ = PropertyType.STRING
-    else:
+  def __init__(self,
+               parent,
+               name,
+               json,
+               namespace,
+               origin):
+    self.name = name
+    self.namespace = namespace
+    self.simple_name = _StripNamespace(self.name, namespace)
+    self.unix_name = UnixName(self.name)
+    self.description = json.get('description', None)
+    self.origin = origin
+    self.parent = parent
+    self.instance_of = json.get('isInstanceOf', None)
+
+    # TODO(kalman): Only objects need functions/events/properties, but callers
+    # assume that all types have them. Fix this.
+    self.functions = _GetFunctions(self, json, namespace)
+    self.events = _GetEvents(self, json, namespace)
+    self.properties = _GetProperties(self, json, namespace, origin)
+
+    json_type = json.get('type', None)
+    if json_type == 'array':
+      self.property_type = PropertyType.ARRAY
+      self.item_type = Type(
+          self, '%sType' % name, json['items'], namespace, origin)
+    elif '$ref' in json:
+      self.property_type = PropertyType.REF
+      self.ref_type = json['$ref']
+    elif 'enum' in json and json_type == 'string':
+      self.property_type = PropertyType.ENUM
+      self.enum_values = [value for value in json['enum']]
+    elif json_type == 'any':
+      self.property_type = PropertyType.ANY
+    elif json_type == 'binary':
+      self.property_type = PropertyType.BINARY
+    elif json_type == 'boolean':
+      self.property_type = PropertyType.BOOLEAN
+    elif json_type == 'integer':
+      self.property_type = PropertyType.INTEGER
+    elif (json_type == 'double' or
+          json_type == 'number'):
+      self.property_type = PropertyType.DOUBLE
+    elif json_type == 'string':
+      self.property_type = PropertyType.STRING
+    elif 'choices' in json:
+      self.property_type = PropertyType.CHOICES
+      self.choices = [Type(self,
+                           # The name of the choice type - there had better be
+                           # either a type or a $ref specified for the choice.
+                           json.get('type', json.get('$ref')),
+                           json,
+                           namespace,
+                           origin)
+                      for json in json['choices']]
+    elif json_type == 'object':
       if not (
           'properties' in json or
           'additionalProperties' in json or
           'functions' in json or
           'events' in json):
         raise ParseException(self, name + " has no properties or functions")
-      self.type_ = PropertyType.OBJECT
-    self.name = name
-    self.simple_name = _StripNamespace(self.name, namespace)
-    self.unix_name = UnixName(self.name)
-    self.description = json.get('description')
-    self.from_json = True
-    self.from_client = True
-    self.parent = parent
-    self.instance_of = json.get('isInstanceOf', None)
-    _AddFunctions(self, json, namespace)
-    _AddEvents(self, json, namespace)
-    _AddProperties(self, json, namespace, from_json=True, from_client=True)
-
-    additional_properties_key = 'additionalProperties'
-    additional_properties = json.get(additional_properties_key)
-    if additional_properties:
-      self.properties[additional_properties_key] = Property(
-          self,
-          additional_properties_key,
-          additional_properties,
-          namespace,
-          is_additional_properties=True)
+      self.property_type = PropertyType.OBJECT
+      additional_properties_json = json.get('additionalProperties', None)
+      if additional_properties_json is not None:
+        self.additional_properties = Type(self,
+                                          'additionalProperties',
+                                          additional_properties_json,
+                                          namespace,
+                                          origin)
+      else:
+        self.additional_properties = None
+    elif json_type == 'function':
+      self.property_type = PropertyType.FUNCTION
+      # Sometimes we might have an unnamed function, e.g. if it's a property
+      # of an object. Use the name of the property in that case.
+      function_name = json.get('name', name)
+      self.function = Function(self, function_name, json, namespace, origin)
+    else:
+      raise ParseException(self, 'Unsupported JSON type %s' % json_type)
 
 class Function(object):
   """A Function defined in the API.
@@ -149,11 +202,11 @@ class Function(object):
   """
   def __init__(self,
                parent,
+               name,
                json,
                namespace,
-               from_json=False,
-               from_client=False):
-    self.name = json['name']
+               origin):
+    self.name = name
     self.simple_name = _StripNamespace(self.name, namespace)
     self.platforms = _GetPlatforms(json)
     self.params = []
@@ -167,18 +220,14 @@ class Function(object):
     self.actions = options.get('actions', [])
     self.supports_listeners = options.get('supportsListeners', True)
     self.supports_rules = options.get('supportsRules', False)
+
     def GeneratePropertyFromParam(p):
-      return Property(self,
-                      p['name'], p,
-                      namespace,
-                      from_json=from_json,
-                      from_client=from_client)
+      return Property.FromJSON(self, p['name'], p, namespace, origin)
 
     self.filters = [GeneratePropertyFromParam(filter)
                     for filter in json.get('filters', [])]
     callback_param = None
     for param in json.get('parameters', []):
-
       if param.get('type') == 'function':
         if callback_param:
           # No ParseException because the webstore has this.
@@ -190,153 +239,97 @@ class Function(object):
 
     if callback_param:
       self.callback = Function(self,
+                               callback_param['name'],
                                callback_param,
                                namespace,
-                               from_client=True)
+                               Origin(from_client=True))
 
     self.returns = None
     if 'returns' in json:
-      self.returns = Property(self, 'return', json['returns'], namespace)
+      self.returns = Property.FromJSON(
+          self, 'return', json['returns'], namespace, origin)
 
 class Property(object):
   """A property of a type OR a parameter to a function.
-
   Properties:
   - |name| name of the property as in the json. This shouldn't change since
     it is the key used to access DictionaryValues
   - |unix_name| the unix_style_name of the property. Used as variable name
   - |optional| a boolean representing whether the property is optional
   - |description| a description of the property (if provided)
-  - |type_| the model.PropertyType of this property
-  - |compiled_type| the model.PropertyType that this property should be
-    compiled to from the JSON. Defaults to |type_|.
-  - |ref_type| the type that the REF property is referencing. Can be used to
-    map to its model.Type
-  - |item_type| a model.Property representing the type of each element in an
-    ARRAY
-  - |properties| the properties of an OBJECT parameter
-  - |from_client| indicates that instances of the Type can originate from the
-    users of generated code, such as top-level types and function results
-  - |from_json| indicates that instances of the Type can originate from the
-    JSON (as described by the schema), such as top-level types and function
-    parameters
+  - |type_| the model.Type of this property
   - |simple_name| the name of this Property without a namespace
   """
 
+  @staticmethod
+  def FromJSON(parent, name, json, namespace, origin):
+    """Creates a Property from JSON.
+    """
+    opt_args = {}
+    if 'description' in json:
+      opt_args['description'] = json['description']
+    if 'optional' in json:
+      opt_args['optional'] = json.get('optional')
+    if 'isInstanceOf' in json:
+      opt_args['instance_of'] = json.get('isInstanceOf')
+
+    # HACK: only support very specific value types.
+    is_allowed_value = (
+        '$ref' not in json and
+        ('type' not in json or json['type'] == 'integer'
+                            or json['type'] == 'string'))
+
+    if 'value' in json and is_allowed_value:
+      value = json['value']
+      opt_args['value'] = value
+      if 'type' not in json:
+        # Sometimes the type of the value is left out, and we need to figure
+        # it out for ourselves.
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+          json['type'] = 'integer'
+        elif isinstance(value, basestring):
+          json['type'] = 'string'
+        else:
+          # TODO(kalman): support more types as necessary.
+          raise ParseException(
+              parent, '"%s" is not a supported type for "value"' % type(value))
+
+    type_ = Type(parent, name, json, namespace, origin)
+    return Property(parent,
+                    name,
+                    namespace,
+                    type_,
+                    origin,
+                    **opt_args);
+
   def __init__(self,
                parent,
                name,
-               json,
                namespace,
-               is_additional_properties=False,
-               from_json=False,
-               from_client=False):
+               type_,
+               origin,
+               description=None,
+               optional=False,
+               returns=None,
+               instance_of=None,
+               value=None):
+    """Directly initializes the fields of the Property.
+    """
     self.name = name
     self.simple_name = _StripNamespace(self.name, namespace)
     self._unix_name = UnixName(self.name)
     self._unix_name_used = False
-    self.optional = json.get('optional', False)
-    self.functions = OrderedDict()
-    self.has_value = False
-    self.description = json.get('description')
+    self.optional = optional
+    self.description = description
     self.parent = parent
-    self.from_json = from_json
-    self.from_client = from_client
-    self.instance_of = json.get('isInstanceOf', None)
-    self.params = []
-    self.returns = None
-    _AddProperties(self, json, namespace)
-    if is_additional_properties:
-      self.type_ = PropertyType.ADDITIONAL_PROPERTIES
-    elif '$ref' in json:
-      self.ref_type = json['$ref']
-      self.type_ = PropertyType.REF
-    elif 'enum' in json and json.get('type') == 'string':
-      # Non-string enums (as in the case of [legalValues=(1,2)]) should fall
-      # through to the next elif.
-      self.enum_values = []
-      for value in json['enum']:
-        self.enum_values.append(value)
-      self.type_ = PropertyType.ENUM
-    elif 'type' in json:
-      self.type_ = self._JsonTypeToPropertyType(json['type'])
-      if self.type_ == PropertyType.ARRAY:
-        self.item_type = Property(self,
-                                  name + "Element",
-                                  json['items'],
-                                  namespace,
-                                  from_json=from_json,
-                                  from_client=from_client)
-      elif self.type_ == PropertyType.OBJECT:
-        # These members are read when this OBJECT Property is used as a Type
-        type_ = Type(self, self.name, json, namespace)
-        # self.properties will already have some value from |_AddProperties|.
-        self.properties.update(type_.properties)
-        self.functions = type_.functions
-      elif self.type_ == PropertyType.FUNCTION:
-        for p in json.get('parameters', []):
-          self.params.append(Property(self,
-                                      p['name'],
-                                      p,
-                                      namespace,
-                                      from_json=from_json,
-                                      from_client=from_client))
-        if 'returns' in json:
-          self.returns = Property(self, 'return', json['returns'], namespace)
-    elif 'choices' in json:
-      if not json['choices'] or len(json['choices']) == 0:
-        raise ParseException(self, 'Choices has no choices')
-      self.choices = {}
-      self.type_ = PropertyType.CHOICES
-      self.compiled_type = self.type_
-      for choice_json in json['choices']:
-        choice = Property(self,
-                          self.name,
-                          choice_json,
-                          namespace,
-                          from_json=from_json,
-                          from_client=from_client)
-        choice.unix_name = UnixName(self.name + choice.type_.name)
-        # The existence of any single choice is optional
-        choice.optional = True
-        self.choices[choice.type_] = choice
-    elif 'value' in json:
-      self.has_value = True
-      self.value = json['value']
-      if type(self.value) == int:
-        self.type_ = PropertyType.INTEGER
-        self.compiled_type = self.type_
-      else:
-        # TODO(kalman): support more types as necessary.
-        raise ParseException(
-            self, '"%s" is not a supported type' % type(self.value))
-    else:
-      raise ParseException(
-          self, 'Property has no type, $ref, choices, or value')
-    if 'compiled_type' in json:
-      if 'type' in json:
-        self.compiled_type = self._JsonTypeToPropertyType(json['compiled_type'])
-      else:
-        raise ParseException(self, 'Property has compiled_type but no type')
-    else:
-      self.compiled_type = self.type_
-
-  def _JsonTypeToPropertyType(self, json_type):
-    try:
-      return {
-        'any': PropertyType.ANY,
-        'array': PropertyType.ARRAY,
-        'binary': PropertyType.BINARY,
-        'boolean': PropertyType.BOOLEAN,
-        'integer': PropertyType.INTEGER,
-        'int64': PropertyType.INT64,
-        'function': PropertyType.FUNCTION,
-        'number': PropertyType.DOUBLE,
-        'object': PropertyType.OBJECT,
-        'string': PropertyType.STRING,
-      }[json_type]
-    except KeyError:
-      raise NotImplementedError('Type %s not recognized' % json_type)
+    self.origin = origin
+    if not isinstance(type_, Type):
+      raise ValueError("not Type: %s" % type_)
+    self.type_ = type_
+    self.returns = returns
+    if instance_of is not None:
+      self.instance_of = instance_of
+    self.value = value
 
   def GetUnixName(self):
     """Gets the property's unix_name. Raises AttributeError if not set.
@@ -359,14 +352,6 @@ class Property(object):
           (self.name, self._unix_name))
     self._unix_name = unix_name
 
-  def Copy(self):
-    """Makes a copy of this model.Property object and allow the unix_name to be
-    set again.
-    """
-    property_copy = copy.copy(self)
-    property_copy._unix_name_used = False
-    return property_copy
-
   unix_name = property(GetUnixName, SetUnixName)
 
 class _Enum(object):
@@ -403,20 +388,19 @@ class _PropertyTypeInfo(_Enum):
 class PropertyType(object):
   """Enum of different types of properties/parameters.
   """
-  INTEGER = _PropertyTypeInfo(True, "INTEGER")
-  INT64 = _PropertyTypeInfo(True, "INT64")
-  DOUBLE = _PropertyTypeInfo(True, "DOUBLE")
-  BOOLEAN = _PropertyTypeInfo(True, "BOOLEAN")
-  STRING = _PropertyTypeInfo(True, "STRING")
-  ENUM = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "ENUM")
-  ARRAY = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "ARRAY")
-  REF = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "REF")
-  CHOICES = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "CHOICES")
-  OBJECT = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "OBJECT")
-  FUNCTION = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "FUNCTION")
-  BINARY = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "BINARY")
-  ANY = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "ANY")
-  ADDITIONAL_PROPERTIES = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "ADDITIONAL_PROPERTIES")
+  INTEGER = _PropertyTypeInfo(True, "integer")
+  INT64 = _PropertyTypeInfo(True, "int64")
+  DOUBLE = _PropertyTypeInfo(True, "double")
+  BOOLEAN = _PropertyTypeInfo(True, "boolean")
+  STRING = _PropertyTypeInfo(True, "string")
+  ENUM = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "enum")
+  ARRAY = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "array")
+  REF = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "ref")
+  CHOICES = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "choices")
+  OBJECT = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "object")
+  FUNCTION = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "function")
+  BINARY = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "binary")
+  ANY = _PropertyTypeInfo(False, "any")
 
 def UnixName(name):
   """Returns the unix_style name for a given lowerCamelCase string.
@@ -436,57 +420,57 @@ def _StripNamespace(name, namespace):
 def _GetModelHierarchy(entity):
   """Returns the hierarchy of the given model entity."""
   hierarchy = []
-  while entity:
-    try:
-      hierarchy.append(entity.name)
-    except AttributeError:
-      hierarchy.append(repr(entity))
-    entity = entity.parent
+  while entity is not None:
+    hierarchy.append(getattr(entity, 'name', repr(entity)))
+    if isinstance(entity, Namespace):
+      hierarchy.insert(0, '  in %s' % entity.source_file)
+    entity = getattr(entity, 'parent', None)
   hierarchy.reverse()
   return hierarchy
 
-def _AddTypes(model, json, namespace):
-  """Adds Type objects to |model| contained in the 'types' field of |json|.
+def _GetTypes(parent, json, namespace, origin):
+  """Creates Type objects extracted from |json|.
   """
-  model.types = OrderedDict()
+  types = OrderedDict()
   for type_json in json.get('types', []):
-    type_ = Type(model, type_json['id'], type_json, namespace)
-    model.types[type_.name] = type_
+    type_ = Type(parent, type_json['id'], type_json, namespace, origin)
+    types[type_.name] = type_
+  return types
 
-def _AddFunctions(model, json, namespace):
-  """Adds Function objects to |model| contained in the 'functions' field of
-  |json|.
+def _GetFunctions(parent, json, namespace):
+  """Creates Function objects extracted from |json|.
   """
-  model.functions = OrderedDict()
+  functions = OrderedDict()
   for function_json in json.get('functions', []):
-    function = Function(model, function_json, namespace, from_json=True)
-    model.functions[function.name] = function
-
-def _AddEvents(model, json, namespace):
-  """Adds Function objects to |model| contained in the 'events' field of |json|.
+    function = Function(parent,
+                        function_json['name'],
+                        function_json,
+                        namespace,
+                        Origin(from_json=True))
+    functions[function.name] = function
+  return functions
+
+def _GetEvents(parent, json, namespace):
+  """Creates Function objects generated from the events in |json|.
   """
-  model.events = OrderedDict()
+  events = OrderedDict()
   for event_json in json.get('events', []):
-    event = Function(model, event_json, namespace, from_client=True)
-    model.events[event.name] = event
-
-def _AddProperties(model,
-                   json,
-                   namespace,
-                   from_json=False,
-                   from_client=False):
-  """Adds model.Property objects to |model| contained in the 'properties' field
-  of |json|.
+    event = Function(parent,
+                     event_json['name'],
+                     event_json,
+                     namespace,
+                     Origin(from_client=True))
+    events[event.name] = event
+  return events
+
+def _GetProperties(parent, json, namespace, origin):
+  """Generates Property objects extracted from |json|.
   """
-  model.properties = OrderedDict()
+  properties = OrderedDict()
   for name, property_json in json.get('properties', {}).items():
-    model.properties[name] = Property(
-        model,
-        name,
-        property_json,
-        namespace,
-        from_json=from_json,
-        from_client=from_client)
+    properties[name] = Property.FromJSON(
+        parent, name, property_json, namespace, origin)
+  return properties
 
 class _PlatformInfo(_Enum):
   def __init__(self, name):
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/model_test.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/model_test.py
index 8cd43e8..e310d5e 100755
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/model_test.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/model_test.py
@@ -32,41 +32,45 @@ class ModelTest(unittest.TestCase):
         sorted(self.permissions.functions.keys()))
 
   def testHasTypes(self):
-    self.assertEquals(['tabs.Tab'], self.tabs.types.keys())
-    self.assertEquals(['permissions.Permissions'],
-        self.permissions.types.keys())
-    self.assertEquals(['windows.Window'], self.windows.types.keys())
+    self.assertEquals(['Tab'], self.tabs.types.keys())
+    self.assertEquals(['Permissions'], self.permissions.types.keys())
+    self.assertEquals(['Window'], self.windows.types.keys())
 
   def testHasProperties(self):
     self.assertEquals(["active", "favIconUrl", "highlighted", "id",
         "incognito", "index", "pinned", "selected", "status", "title", "url",
         "windowId"],
-        sorted(self.tabs.types['tabs.Tab'].properties.keys()))
+        sorted(self.tabs.types['Tab'].properties.keys()))
 
   def testProperties(self):
-    string_prop = self.tabs.types['tabs.Tab'].properties['status']
-    self.assertEquals(model.PropertyType.STRING, string_prop.type_)
-    integer_prop = self.tabs.types['tabs.Tab'].properties['id']
-    self.assertEquals(model.PropertyType.INTEGER, integer_prop.type_)
-    array_prop = self.windows.types['windows.Window'].properties['tabs']
-    self.assertEquals(model.PropertyType.ARRAY, array_prop.type_)
-    self.assertEquals(model.PropertyType.REF, array_prop.item_type.type_)
-    self.assertEquals('tabs.Tab', array_prop.item_type.ref_type)
+    string_prop = self.tabs.types['Tab'].properties['status']
+    self.assertEquals(model.PropertyType.STRING,
+                      string_prop.type_.property_type)
+    integer_prop = self.tabs.types['Tab'].properties['id']
+    self.assertEquals(model.PropertyType.INTEGER,
+                      integer_prop.type_.property_type)
+    array_prop = self.windows.types['Window'].properties['tabs']
+    self.assertEquals(model.PropertyType.ARRAY,
+                      array_prop.type_.property_type)
+    self.assertEquals(model.PropertyType.REF,
+                      array_prop.type_.item_type.property_type)
+    self.assertEquals('tabs.Tab', array_prop.type_.item_type.ref_type)
     object_prop = self.tabs.functions['query'].params[0]
-    self.assertEquals(model.PropertyType.OBJECT, object_prop.type_)
+    self.assertEquals(model.PropertyType.OBJECT,
+                      object_prop.type_.property_type)
     self.assertEquals(
         ["active", "highlighted", "pinned", "status", "title", "url",
          "windowId", "windowType"],
-        sorted(object_prop.properties.keys()))
+        sorted(object_prop.type_.properties.keys()))
 
   def testChoices(self):
     self.assertEquals(model.PropertyType.CHOICES,
-        self.tabs.functions['move'].params[0].type_)
+                      self.tabs.functions['move'].params[0].type_.property_type)
 
   def testPropertyNotImplemented(self):
     (self.permissions_json[0]['types'][0]
         ['properties']['permissions']['type']) = 'something'
-    self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, self.model.AddNamespace,
+    self.assertRaises(model.ParseException, self.model.AddNamespace,
         self.permissions_json[0], 'path/to/something.json')
 
   def testDescription(self):
@@ -78,12 +82,6 @@ class ModelTest(unittest.TestCase):
   def testPropertyUnixName(self):
     param = self.tabs.functions['move'].params[0]
     self.assertEquals('tab_ids', param.unix_name)
-    param.choices[model.PropertyType.INTEGER].unix_name = 'asdf'
-    param.choices[model.PropertyType.INTEGER].unix_name = 'tab_ids_integer'
-    self.assertEquals('tab_ids_integer',
-        param.choices[model.PropertyType.INTEGER].unix_name)
-    self.assertRaises(AttributeError,
-        param.choices[model.PropertyType.INTEGER].SetUnixName, 'breakage')
 
   def testUnixName(self):
     expectations = {
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/preview.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/preview.py
index d577715..300983a 100755
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/preview.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/preview.py
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ updateEverything();
     except (TypeError, KeyError, AttributeError,
         AssertionError, NotImplementedError) as error:
       body.Append('<pre>')
-      body.Append('compiler error: ' + str(error))
+      body.Append('compiler error: %s' % error)
       body.Append('Check server log for more details')
       body.Append('</pre>')
       raise
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/schema_util.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/schema_util.py
index dc84e61..e71be8b 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/schema_util.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/schema_util.py
@@ -19,32 +19,6 @@ def StripSchemaNamespace(s):
     return s[last_dot + 1:]
   return s
 
-def PrefixSchemasWithNamespace(schemas):
-  for s in schemas:
-    _PrefixWithNamespace(s.get("namespace"), s)
-
-def _MaybePrefixFieldWithNamespace(namespace, schema, key):
-  if json_parse.IsDict(schema) and key in schema:
-    old_value = schema[key]
-    if not "." in old_value:
-      schema[key] = namespace + "." + old_value
-
-def _PrefixTypesWithNamespace(namespace, types):
-  for t in types:
-    _MaybePrefixFieldWithNamespace(namespace, t, "id")
-    _MaybePrefixFieldWithNamespace(namespace, t, "customBindings")
-
-def _PrefixWithNamespace(namespace, schema):
-  if json_parse.IsDict(schema):
-    if "types" in schema:
-      _PrefixTypesWithNamespace(namespace, schema.get("types"))
-    _MaybePrefixFieldWithNamespace(namespace, schema, "$ref")
-    for s in schema:
-      _PrefixWithNamespace(namespace, schema[s])
-  elif type(schema) == list:
-    for s in schema:
-      _PrefixWithNamespace(namespace, s)
-
 def JsFunctionNameToClassName(namespace_name, function_name):
   """Transform a fully qualified function name like foo.bar.baz into FooBarBaz
 
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/schema_util_test.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/schema_util_test.py
index 1fa1803..4db88f1 100755
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/schema_util_test.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/schema_util_test.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # found in the LICENSE file.
 
 from schema_util import JsFunctionNameToClassName
-from schema_util import PrefixSchemasWithNamespace
 from schema_util import StripSchemaNamespace
 import unittest
 
@@ -13,59 +12,6 @@ class SchemaUtilTest(unittest.TestCase):
     self.assertEquals('Bar', StripSchemaNamespace('foo.Bar'))
     self.assertEquals('Baz', StripSchemaNamespace('Baz'))
 
-  def testPrefixSchemasWithNamespace(self):
-    schemas = [
-        { 'namespace': 'n1',
-          'types': [
-            {
-              'id': 'T1',
-              'customBindings': 'T1',
-              'properties': {
-                'p1': {'$ref': 'T1'},
-                'p2': {'$ref': 'fully.qualified.T'},
-              }
-            }
-          ],
-          'functions': [
-            {
-              'parameters': [
-                { '$ref': 'T1' },
-                { '$ref': 'fully.qualified.T' },
-              ],
-              'returns': { '$ref': 'T1' }
-            },
-          ],
-          'events': [
-            {
-              'parameters': [
-                { '$ref': 'T1' },
-                { '$ref': 'fully.qualified.T' },
-              ],
-            },
-          ],
-        },
-      ]
-    PrefixSchemasWithNamespace(schemas)
-    self.assertEquals('n1.T1', schemas[0]['types'][0]['id'])
-    self.assertEquals('n1.T1', schemas[0]['types'][0]['customBindings'])
-    self.assertEquals('n1.T1',
-        schemas[0]['types'][0]['properties']['p1']['$ref'])
-    self.assertEquals('fully.qualified.T',
-        schemas[0]['types'][0]['properties']['p2']['$ref'])
-
-    self.assertEquals('n1.T1',
-        schemas[0]['functions'][0]['parameters'][0]['$ref'])
-    self.assertEquals('fully.qualified.T',
-        schemas[0]['functions'][0]['parameters'][1]['$ref'])
-    self.assertEquals('n1.T1',
-        schemas[0]['functions'][0]['returns']['$ref'])
-
-    self.assertEquals('n1.T1',
-        schemas[0]['events'][0]['parameters'][0]['$ref'])
-    self.assertEquals('fully.qualified.T',
-        schemas[0]['events'][0]['parameters'][1]['$ref'])
-
-
   def testJsFunctionNameToClassName(self):
     self.assertEquals('FooBar', JsFunctionNameToClassName('foo', 'bar'))
     self.assertEquals('FooBar',
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/additional_properties.json b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/additional_properties.json
index 03bbef8..0b800d9 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/additional_properties.json
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/additional_properties.json
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
                 "properties": {
                   "integer": {"type": "integer"}
                 },
-                "additionalProperties": {"type": "any"}
+                "additionalProperties": {"type": "string"}
               }
             ]
           }
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/additional_properties_unittest.cc b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/additional_properties_unittest.cc
index 4c3d720..5e08d5e 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/additional_properties_unittest.cc
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/additional_properties_unittest.cc
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
 // found in the LICENSE file.
 
-#include "tools/json_schema_compiler/test/additional_properties.h"
-
 #include "testing/gtest/include/gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "tools/json_schema_compiler/test/additional_properties.h"
 
 using namespace test::api::additional_properties;
 
@@ -19,9 +18,7 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerAdditionalPropertiesTest,
     type_value->SetInteger("other", 9);
     type_value->Set("another", list_value.release());
     scoped_ptr<AdditionalPropertiesType> type(new AdditionalPropertiesType());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(AdditionalPropertiesType::Populate(*type_value, type.get()));
-    EXPECT_EQ("value", type->string);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(type_value->Remove("string", NULL));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(AdditionalPropertiesType::Populate(*type_value, type.get()));
     EXPECT_TRUE(type->additional_properties.Equals(type_value.get()));
   }
   {
@@ -48,22 +45,19 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerAdditionalPropertiesTest,
 
 TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerAdditionalPropertiesTest,
     ReturnAdditionalPropertiesResultCreate) {
-  DictionaryValue additional;
-  additional.SetString("key", "value");
   ReturnAdditionalProperties::Results::ResultObject result_object;
   result_object.integer = 5;
-  result_object.additional_properties.MergeDictionary(&additional);
-  scoped_ptr<ListValue> results =
-      ReturnAdditionalProperties::Results::Create(result_object);
-  DictionaryValue* result_dict = NULL;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(results->GetDictionary(0, &result_dict));
+  result_object.additional_properties["key"] = "value";
 
-  Value* int_temp_value_out = NULL;
-  int int_temp = 0;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(result_dict->Remove("integer", &int_temp_value_out));
-  scoped_ptr<Value> int_temp_value(int_temp_value_out);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(int_temp_value->GetAsInteger(&int_temp));
-  EXPECT_EQ(5, int_temp);
+  ListValue expected;
+  {
+    DictionaryValue* dict = new DictionaryValue();
+    dict->SetInteger("integer", 5);
+    dict->SetString("key", "value");
+    expected.Append(dict);
+  }
 
-  EXPECT_TRUE(result_dict->Equals(&additional));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(Value::Equals(
+      ReturnAdditionalProperties::Results::Create(result_object).get(),
+      &expected));
 }
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/any_unittest.cc b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/any_unittest.cc
index 0780230..81fd681 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/any_unittest.cc
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/any_unittest.cc
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
 // found in the LICENSE file.
 
-#include "tools/json_schema_compiler/test/any.h"
-
 #include "testing/gtest/include/gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "tools/json_schema_compiler/test/any.h"
 
 using namespace test::api::any;
 
@@ -41,9 +40,9 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerAnyTest, OptionalAnyParamsCreate) {
     params_value->Append(param->DeepCopy());
     scoped_ptr<OptionalAny::Params> params(
         OptionalAny::Params::Create(*params_value));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params.get());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params->any_name.get());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params->any_name->value().Equals(param.get()));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params->any_name);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(params->any_name->Equals(param.get()));
   }
   {
     scoped_ptr<ListValue> params_value(new ListValue());
@@ -51,9 +50,8 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerAnyTest, OptionalAnyParamsCreate) {
     params_value->Append(param->DeepCopy());
     scoped_ptr<OptionalAny::Params> params(
         OptionalAny::Params::Create(*params_value));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params.get());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params->any_name.get());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params->any_name.get());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params->any_name->value().Equals(param.get()));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params->any_name);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(params->any_name->Equals(param.get()));
   }
 }
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/arrays.json b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/arrays.json
index c5fbe9b..a0edd54 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/arrays.json
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/arrays.json
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
             "type": "array",
             "items": {
               "type": "object",
-              "additionalProperties": {"type": "any"}
+              "additionalProperties": {"type": "integer"}
             }
           },
           {
@@ -144,6 +144,53 @@
         ]
       },
       {
+        "name": "justChoices",
+        "type": "function",
+        "description": "Takes some Choices.",
+        "parameters": [
+          {
+            "name": "choices",
+            "choices": [
+              { "type": "integer" },
+              { "type": "boolean" },
+              { "type": "array",
+                "items": {"$ref": "Item"}
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "callback",
+            "type": "function",
+            "parameters": []
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "choicesArray",
+        "type": "function",
+        "description": "Takes some Choices.",
+        "parameters": [
+          {
+            "name": "choices",
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "choices": [
+                { "type": "integer" },
+                { "type": "boolean" },
+                { "type": "array",
+                  "items": {"$ref": "Item"}
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "callback",
+            "type": "function",
+            "parameters": []
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      {
         "name": "returnIntegerArray",
         "type": "function",
         "description": "Returns some integers.",
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/arrays_unittest.cc b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/arrays_unittest.cc
index c6d1e06..e480c8e 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/arrays_unittest.cc
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/arrays_unittest.cc
@@ -46,45 +46,47 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerArrayTest, BasicArrayType) {
   {
     scoped_ptr<DictionaryValue> value = CreateBasicArrayTypeDictionary();
     scoped_ptr<BasicArrayType> basic_array_type(new BasicArrayType());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(BasicArrayType::Populate(*value, basic_array_type.get()));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(BasicArrayType::Populate(*value, basic_array_type.get()));
     EXPECT_TRUE(value->Equals(basic_array_type->ToValue().get()));
   }
 }
 
 TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerArrayTest, EnumArrayType) {
-  std::vector<EnumArrayType::TypesElement> enums;
-  enums.push_back(EnumArrayType::TYPES_ELEMENT_ONE);
-  enums.push_back(EnumArrayType::TYPES_ELEMENT_TWO);
-  enums.push_back(EnumArrayType::TYPES_ELEMENT_THREE);
+  std::vector<EnumArrayType::TypesType> enums;
+  enums.push_back(EnumArrayType::TYPES_TYPE_ONE);
+  enums.push_back(EnumArrayType::TYPES_TYPE_TWO);
+  enums.push_back(EnumArrayType::TYPES_TYPE_THREE);
 
   scoped_ptr<ListValue> types(new ListValue());
   for (size_t i = 0; i < enums.size(); ++i)
-    types->Append(EnumArrayType::CreateEnumValue(enums[i]).release());
+    types->Append(new base::StringValue(EnumArrayType::ToString(enums[i])));
 
   DictionaryValue value;
   value.Set("types", types.release());
 
   EnumArrayType enum_array_type;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(EnumArrayType::Populate(value, &enum_array_type));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(EnumArrayType::Populate(value, &enum_array_type));
   EXPECT_EQ(enums, enum_array_type.types);
 }
 
 TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerArrayTest, OptionalEnumArrayType) {
   {
-    std::vector<OptionalEnumArrayType::TypesElement> enums;
-    enums.push_back(OptionalEnumArrayType::TYPES_ELEMENT_ONE);
-    enums.push_back(OptionalEnumArrayType::TYPES_ELEMENT_TWO);
-    enums.push_back(OptionalEnumArrayType::TYPES_ELEMENT_THREE);
+    std::vector<OptionalEnumArrayType::TypesType> enums;
+    enums.push_back(OptionalEnumArrayType::TYPES_TYPE_ONE);
+    enums.push_back(OptionalEnumArrayType::TYPES_TYPE_TWO);
+    enums.push_back(OptionalEnumArrayType::TYPES_TYPE_THREE);
 
     scoped_ptr<ListValue> types(new ListValue());
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < enums.size(); ++i)
-      types->Append(OptionalEnumArrayType::CreateEnumValue(enums[i]).release());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < enums.size(); ++i) {
+      types->Append(new base::StringValue(
+          OptionalEnumArrayType::ToString(enums[i])));
+    }
 
     DictionaryValue value;
     value.Set("types", types.release());
 
     OptionalEnumArrayType enum_array_type;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(OptionalEnumArrayType::Populate(value, &enum_array_type));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(OptionalEnumArrayType::Populate(value, &enum_array_type));
     EXPECT_EQ(enums, *enum_array_type.types);
   }
   {
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerArrayTest, OptionalEnumArrayType) {
 
     value.Set("types", enum_array.release());
     OptionalEnumArrayType enum_array_type;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(OptionalEnumArrayType::Populate(value, &enum_array_type));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(OptionalEnumArrayType::Populate(value, &enum_array_type));
     EXPECT_TRUE(enum_array_type.types->empty());
   }
 }
@@ -153,7 +155,7 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerArrayTest, AnyArrayParamsCreate) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(params.get());
   ASSERT_EQ(3u, params->anys.size());
   int int_temp = 0;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(params->anys[0]->value().GetAsInteger(&int_temp));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(params->anys[0]->GetAsInteger(&int_temp));
   EXPECT_EQ(1, int_temp);
 }
 
@@ -167,13 +169,8 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerArrayTest, ObjectArrayParamsCreate) {
       ObjectArray::Params::Create(*params_value));
   EXPECT_TRUE(params.get());
   ASSERT_EQ(2u, params->objects.size());
-  int object_val = 0;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(params->objects[0]->additional_properties.GetInteger(
-      "val", &object_val));
-  EXPECT_EQ(1, object_val);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(params->objects[1]->additional_properties.GetInteger(
-      "val", &object_val));
-  EXPECT_EQ(2, object_val);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, params->objects[0]->additional_properties["val"]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(2, params->objects[1]->additional_properties["val"]);
 }
 
 TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerArrayTest, RefArrayParamsCreate) {
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/choices_unittest.cc b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/choices_unittest.cc
index b4e76a1..b8bedf4 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/choices_unittest.cc
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/choices_unittest.cc
@@ -22,9 +22,8 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerChoicesTest, TakesIntegersParamsCreate) {
     scoped_ptr<TakesIntegers::Params> params(
         TakesIntegers::Params::Create(*params_value));
     EXPECT_TRUE(params.get());
-    EXPECT_EQ(TakesIntegers::Params::NUMS_INTEGER, params->nums_type);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(params->nums_array.get());
-    EXPECT_EQ(6, *params->nums_integer);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(params->nums.as_array);
+    EXPECT_EQ(6, *params->nums.as_integer);
   }
   {
     scoped_ptr<ListValue> params_value(new ListValue());
@@ -34,45 +33,41 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerChoicesTest, TakesIntegersParamsCreate) {
     params_value->Append(integers.release());
     scoped_ptr<TakesIntegers::Params> params(
         TakesIntegers::Params::Create(*params_value));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params.get());
-    EXPECT_EQ(TakesIntegers::Params::NUMS_ARRAY, params->nums_type);
-    EXPECT_EQ((size_t) 2, (*params->nums_array).size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(6, (*params->nums_array)[0]);
-    EXPECT_EQ(8, (*params->nums_array)[1]);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params->nums.as_array);
+    EXPECT_EQ((size_t) 2, params->nums.as_array->size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(6, params->nums.as_array->at(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(8, params->nums.as_array->at(1));
   }
 }
 
 TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerChoicesTest, ObjectWithChoicesParamsCreate) {
   {
     scoped_ptr<DictionaryValue> object_param(new DictionaryValue());
-    object_param->SetWithoutPathExpansion("strings",
-        Value::CreateStringValue("asdf"));
+    object_param->SetString("strings", "asdf");
     scoped_ptr<ListValue> params_value(new ListValue());
     params_value->Append(object_param.release());
     scoped_ptr<ObjectWithChoices::Params> params(
         ObjectWithChoices::Params::Create(*params_value));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params.get());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ObjectWithChoices::Params::StringInfo::STRINGS_STRING,
-        params->string_info.strings_type);
-    EXPECT_EQ("asdf", *params->string_info.strings_string);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(params->string_info.strings.as_array);
+    EXPECT_EQ("asdf", *params->string_info.strings.as_string);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(params->string_info.integers);
   }
   {
     scoped_ptr<DictionaryValue> object_param(new DictionaryValue());
-    object_param->SetWithoutPathExpansion("strings",
-        Value::CreateStringValue("asdf"));
-    object_param->SetWithoutPathExpansion("integers",
-        Value::CreateIntegerValue(6));
+    object_param->SetString("strings", "asdf");
+    object_param->SetInteger("integers", 6);
     scoped_ptr<ListValue> params_value(new ListValue());
     params_value->Append(object_param.release());
     scoped_ptr<ObjectWithChoices::Params> params(
         ObjectWithChoices::Params::Create(*params_value));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params.get());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ObjectWithChoices::Params::StringInfo::STRINGS_STRING,
-        params->string_info.strings_type);
-    EXPECT_EQ("asdf", *params->string_info.strings_string);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ObjectWithChoices::Params::StringInfo::INTEGERS_INTEGER,
-        params->string_info.integers_type);
-    EXPECT_EQ(6, *params->string_info.integers_integer);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(params->string_info.strings.as_array);
+    EXPECT_EQ("asdf", *params->string_info.strings.as_string);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params->string_info.integers);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(params->string_info.integers->as_array);
+    EXPECT_EQ(6, *params->string_info.integers->as_integer);
   }
 }
 
@@ -127,15 +122,13 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerChoicesTest, PopulateChoiceType) {
 
   ChoiceType out;
   ASSERT_TRUE(ChoiceType::Populate(value, &out));
-  EXPECT_EQ(ChoiceType::INTEGERS_INTEGER, out.integers_type);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(out.integers_integer.get());
-  EXPECT_FALSE(out.integers_array.get());
-  EXPECT_EQ(4, *out.integers_integer);
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(ChoiceType::STRINGS_ARRAY, out.strings_type);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(out.strings_string.get());
-  ASSERT_TRUE(out.strings_array.get());
-  EXPECT_EQ(strings, *out.strings_array);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(out.integers.as_integer.get());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(out.integers.as_array.get());
+  EXPECT_EQ(4, *out.integers.as_integer);
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(out.strings->as_string.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(out.strings->as_array.get());
+  EXPECT_EQ(strings, *out.strings->as_array);
 }
 
 TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerChoicesTest, ChoiceTypeToValue) {
@@ -156,23 +149,29 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerChoicesTest, ChoiceTypeToValue) {
 
 TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerChoicesTest, ReturnChoices) {
   {
-    std::vector<int> integers;
-    integers.push_back(1);
-    integers.push_back(2);
-    scoped_ptr<ListValue> array_results =
-        ReturnChoices::Results::Create(integers);
-
-    ListValue expected;
-    ListValue* expected_argument = new ListValue();
-    expected_argument->Append(Value::CreateIntegerValue(1));
-    expected_argument->Append(Value::CreateIntegerValue(2));
-    expected.Append(expected_argument);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(array_results->Equals(&expected));
+    ReturnChoices::Results::Result results;
+    results.as_array.reset(new std::vector<int>());
+    results.as_array->push_back(1);
+    results.as_array->push_back(2);
+
+    scoped_ptr<base::Value> results_value = results.ToValue();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(results_value);
+
+    base::ListValue expected;
+    expected.AppendInteger(1);
+    expected.AppendInteger(2);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(expected.Equals(results_value.get()));
   }
   {
-    scoped_ptr<ListValue> integer_results = ReturnChoices::Results::Create(5);
-    ListValue expected;
-    expected.Append(Value::CreateIntegerValue(5));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(integer_results->Equals(&expected));
+    ReturnChoices::Results::Result results;
+    results.as_integer.reset(new int(5));
+
+    scoped_ptr<base::Value> results_value = results.ToValue();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(results_value);
+
+    base::FundamentalValue expected(5);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(expected.Equals(results_value.get()));
   }
 }
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/enums.json b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/enums.json
index a0bea46..6769b19 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/enums.json
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/enums.json
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
     "types": [
       {
         "id": "Enumeration",
+        "type": "string",
         "enum": ["one", "two", "three"]
       },
       {
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/enums_unittest.cc b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/enums_unittest.cc
index 4604694..81bfe8d 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/enums_unittest.cc
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/enums_unittest.cc
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerEnumsTest, EnumsAsTypes) {
     scoped_ptr<TakesEnumAsType::Params> params(
         TakesEnumAsType::Params::Create(args));
     ASSERT_TRUE(params.get());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ENUMS_ENUMERATION_ONE, params->enumeration);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ENUMERATION_ONE, params->enumeration);
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(args.Equals(ReturnsEnumAsType::Results::Create(
-        ENUMS_ENUMERATION_ONE).get()));
+        ENUMERATION_ONE).get()));
   }
   {
     HasEnumeration enumeration;
@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerEnumsTest, EnumsAsTypes) {
 TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerEnumsTest, ReturnsEnumCreate) {
   {
     ReturnsEnum::Results::State state = ReturnsEnum::Results::STATE_FOO;
-    scoped_ptr<Value> result = ReturnsEnum::Results::CreateEnumValue(state);
+    scoped_ptr<Value> result(
+        new base::StringValue(ReturnsEnum::Results::ToString(state)));
     scoped_ptr<Value> expected(Value::CreateStringValue("foo"));
     EXPECT_TRUE(result->Equals(expected.get()));
   }
@@ -189,7 +190,8 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerEnumsTest, TakesMultipleOptionalEnumsParamsCreate) {
 TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerEnumsTest, OnEnumFiredCreate) {
   {
     OnEnumFired::SomeEnum some_enum = OnEnumFired::SOME_ENUM_FOO;
-    scoped_ptr<Value> result(OnEnumFired::CreateEnumValue(some_enum));
+    scoped_ptr<Value> result(
+        new base::StringValue(OnEnumFired::ToString(some_enum)));
     scoped_ptr<Value> expected(Value::CreateStringValue("foo"));
     EXPECT_TRUE(result->Equals(expected.get()));
   }
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/functions_on_types_unittest.cc b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/functions_on_types_unittest.cc
index 73a3cf2..6fe4526 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/functions_on_types_unittest.cc
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/functions_on_types_unittest.cc
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
 // found in the LICENSE file.
 
-#include "tools/json_schema_compiler/test/functions_on_types.h"
-
+#include "base/values.h"
 #include "testing/gtest/include/gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "tools/json_schema_compiler/test/functions_on_types.h"
 
 using namespace test::api::functions_on_types;
 
@@ -13,24 +13,24 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerFunctionsOnTypesTest, StorageAreaGetParamsCreate) {
     scoped_ptr<ListValue> params_value(new ListValue());
     scoped_ptr<StorageArea::Get::Params> params(
         StorageArea::Get::Params::Create(*params_value));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params.get());
-    EXPECT_EQ(StorageArea::Get::Params::KEYS_NONE, params->keys_type);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(params->keys);
   }
   {
     scoped_ptr<ListValue> params_value(new ListValue());
     params_value->Append(Value::CreateIntegerValue(9));
     scoped_ptr<StorageArea::Get::Params> params(
         StorageArea::Get::Params::Create(*params_value));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(params.get());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(params);
   }
   {
     scoped_ptr<ListValue> params_value(new ListValue());
     params_value->Append(Value::CreateStringValue("test"));
     scoped_ptr<StorageArea::Get::Params> params(
         StorageArea::Get::Params::Create(*params_value));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params.get());
-    EXPECT_EQ(StorageArea::Get::Params::KEYS_STRING, params->keys_type);
-    EXPECT_EQ("test", *params->keys_string);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params->keys);
+    EXPECT_EQ("test", *params->keys->as_string);
   }
   {
     scoped_ptr<DictionaryValue> keys_object_value(new DictionaryValue());
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerFunctionsOnTypesTest, StorageAreaGetParamsCreate) {
     params_value->Append(keys_object_value->DeepCopy());
     scoped_ptr<StorageArea::Get::Params> params(
         StorageArea::Get::Params::Create(*params_value));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(params.get());
-    EXPECT_EQ(StorageArea::Get::Params::KEYS_OBJECT, params->keys_type);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(
-        keys_object_value->Equals(&params->keys_object->additional_properties));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(params->keys);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(keys_object_value->Equals(
+        &params->keys->as_object->additional_properties));
   }
 }
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerFunctionsOnTypesTest, StorageAreaGetResultCreate) {
   items.additional_properties.SetString("sdfg", "zxcv");
   scoped_ptr<ListValue> results = StorageArea::Get::Results::Create(items);
   DictionaryValue* item_result = NULL;
-  results->GetDictionary(0, &item_result);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(results->GetDictionary(0, &item_result));
   EXPECT_TRUE(item_result->Equals(&items.additional_properties));
 }
 
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/idl_schemas_unittest.cc b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/idl_schemas_unittest.cc
index 8afb59c..5186be9 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/idl_schemas_unittest.cc
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/idl_schemas_unittest.cc
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // found in the LICENSE file.
 
 #include "base/values.h"
-#include "tools/json_schema_compiler/any.h"
 #include "tools/json_schema_compiler/test/idl_basics.h"
 #include "tools/json_schema_compiler/test/idl_object_types.h"
 
@@ -167,13 +166,12 @@ TEST(IdlCompiler, ObjectTypes) {
 
   // Test the BarType type.
   BarType b1;
-  base::FundamentalValue seven(7);
-  b1.x.Init(seven);
+  b1.x.reset(new base::FundamentalValue(7));
   scoped_ptr<DictionaryValue> serialized_bar = b1.ToValue();
   BarType b2;
   EXPECT_TRUE(BarType::Populate(*serialized_bar.get(), &b2));
   int tmp_int = 0;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(b2.x.value().GetAsInteger(&tmp_int));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(b2.x->GetAsInteger(&tmp_int));
   EXPECT_EQ(7, tmp_int);
 
   // Test the params to the ObjectFunction1 function.
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/objects_unittest.cc b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/objects_unittest.cc
index 3582f4f..5a4248d 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/objects_unittest.cc
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/test/objects_unittest.cc
@@ -68,9 +68,4 @@ TEST(JsonSchemaCompilerObjectsTest, OnObjectFiredCreate) {
   DictionaryValue* result = NULL;
   ASSERT_TRUE(results->GetDictionary(0, &result));
   ASSERT_TRUE(result->Equals(&expected));
-
-  std::string json1 = OnObjectFired::ToJson(object);
-  std::string json2;
-  base::JSONWriter::Write(results.get(), &json2);
-  ASSERT_EQ(json1, json2);
 }
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/util.cc b/tools/json_schema_compiler/util.cc
index ca5c25a..25f908c 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/util.cc
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/util.cc
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
 // found in the LICENSE file.
 
-#include "tools/json_schema_compiler/any.h"
 #include "tools/json_schema_compiler/util.h"
 
 #include "base/values.h"
@@ -26,14 +25,13 @@ bool GetItemFromList(const ListValue& from, int index, std::string* out) {
   return from.GetString(index, out);
 }
 
-bool GetItemFromList(const ListValue& from, int index,
-    linked_ptr<any::Any>* out) {
-  const Value* value = NULL;
+bool GetItemFromList(const ListValue& from,
+                     int index,
+                     linked_ptr<base::Value>* out) {
+  const base::Value* value = NULL;
   if (!from.Get(index, &value))
     return false;
-  scoped_ptr<any::Any> any_object(new any::Any());
-  any_object->Init(*value);
-  *out = linked_ptr<any::Any>(any_object.release());
+  *out = make_linked_ptr(value->DeepCopy());
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -42,30 +40,35 @@ bool GetItemFromList(const ListValue& from, int index,
   const DictionaryValue* dict = NULL;
   if (!from.GetDictionary(index, &dict))
     return false;
-  *out = linked_ptr<DictionaryValue>(dict->DeepCopy());
+  *out = make_linked_ptr(dict->DeepCopy());
   return true;
 }
 
 void AddItemToList(const int from, base::ListValue* out) {
   out->Append(base::Value::CreateIntegerValue(from));
 }
+
 void AddItemToList(const bool from, base::ListValue* out) {
   out->Append(base::Value::CreateBooleanValue(from));
 }
+
 void AddItemToList(const double from, base::ListValue* out) {
   out->Append(base::Value::CreateDoubleValue(from));
 }
+
 void AddItemToList(const std::string& from, base::ListValue* out) {
   out->Append(base::Value::CreateStringValue(from));
 }
+
+void AddItemToList(const linked_ptr<base::Value>& from,
+                   base::ListValue* out) {
+  out->Append(from->DeepCopy());
+}
+
 void AddItemToList(const linked_ptr<base::DictionaryValue>& from,
-    base::ListValue* out) {
+                   base::ListValue* out) {
   out->Append(static_cast<Value*>(from->DeepCopy()));
 }
-void AddItemToList(const linked_ptr<any::Any>& from,
-    base::ListValue* out) {
-  out->Append(from->value().DeepCopy());
-}
 
 }  // namespace api_util
 }  // namespace extensions
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/util.h b/tools/json_schema_compiler/util.h
index 6943590..425487d 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/util.h
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/util.h
@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@
 
 namespace json_schema_compiler {
 
-namespace any {
-class Any;
-}
-
 namespace util {
 
 // Creates a new item at |out| from |from|[|index|]. These are used by template
@@ -26,10 +22,12 @@ bool GetItemFromList(const ListValue& from, int index, int* out);
 bool GetItemFromList(const ListValue& from, int index, bool* out);
 bool GetItemFromList(const ListValue& from, int index, double* out);
 bool GetItemFromList(const ListValue& from, int index, std::string* out);
-bool GetItemFromList(const ListValue& from, int index,
-    linked_ptr<base::DictionaryValue>* out);
-bool GetItemFromList(const ListValue& from, int index,
-    linked_ptr<any::Any>* out);
+bool GetItemFromList(const ListValue& from,
+                     int index,
+                     linked_ptr<base::Value>* out);
+bool GetItemFromList(const ListValue& from,
+                     int index,
+                     linked_ptr<base::DictionaryValue>* out);
 
 // This template is used for types generated by tools/json_schema_compiler.
 template<class T>
@@ -134,10 +132,10 @@ void AddItemToList(const int from, base::ListValue* out);
 void AddItemToList(const bool from, base::ListValue* out);
 void AddItemToList(const double from, base::ListValue* out);
 void AddItemToList(const std::string& from, base::ListValue* out);
+void AddItemToList(const linked_ptr<base::Value>& from,
+                   base::ListValue* out);
 void AddItemToList(const linked_ptr<base::DictionaryValue>& from,
-    base::ListValue* out);
-void AddItemToList(const linked_ptr<any::Any>& from,
-    base::ListValue* out);
+                   base::ListValue* out);
 
 // This template is used for types generated by tools/json_schema_compiler.
 template<class T>
@@ -170,8 +168,7 @@ void PopulateListFromOptionalArray(
 }
 
 template <class T>
-scoped_ptr<Value> CreateValueFromArray(
-    const std::vector<T>& from) {
+scoped_ptr<Value> CreateValueFromArray(const std::vector<T>& from) {
   base::ListValue* list = new base::ListValue();
   PopulateListFromArray(from, list);
   return scoped_ptr<Value>(list);
diff --git a/tools/json_schema_compiler/util_cc_helper.py b/tools/json_schema_compiler/util_cc_helper.py
index bf089dd..8d490ba 100644
--- a/tools/json_schema_compiler/util_cc_helper.py
+++ b/tools/json_schema_compiler/util_cc_helper.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class UtilCCHelper(object):
         'dst': dst,
     }
 
-    sub['type'] = self._type_manager.GetType(prop)
+    sub['type'] = self._type_manager.GetCppType(prop),
     if array_prop.optional:
       val = ('%(namespace)s::PopulateOptionalArrayFromDictionary'
           '(*%(src)s, "%(name)s", &%(dst)s)')
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class UtilCCHelper(object):
         'namespace': API_UTIL_NAMESPACE,
         'src': src,
         'dst': dst,
-        'type': self._type_manager.GetType(prop),
+        'type': self._type_manager.GetCppType(prop),
     }
 
     if optional:
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class UtilCCHelper(object):
     sub = {
         'namespace': API_UTIL_NAMESPACE,
         'src': src,
-        'type': self._type_manager.GetType(prop),
+        'type': self._type_manager.GetCppType(prop),
     }
 
     if optional: