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- <div class="section" id="module-simplejson">
-<h1 id="module-simplejson"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">simplejson</span></tt> &#8212; JSON encoder and decoder<a class="headerlink" href="#module-simplejson" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
-<p>JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) &lt;<a class="reference external" href="http://json.org">http://json.org</a>&gt; is a subset of JavaScript
-syntax (ECMA-262 3rd edition) used as a lightweight data interchange format.</p>
-<p><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">simplejson</span></tt> exposes an API familiar to users of the standard library
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">marshal</span></tt> and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></tt> modules. It is the externally maintained
-version of the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></tt> library contained in Python 2.6, but maintains
-compatibility with Python 2.4 and Python 2.5 and (currently) has
-significant performance advantages, even without using the optional C
-extension for speedups.</p>
-<p>Encoding basic Python object hierarchies:</p>
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">simplejson</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">)}])</span>
-<span class="go">&#39;[&quot;foo&quot;, {&quot;bar&quot;: [&quot;baz&quot;, null, 1.0, 2]}]&#39;</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\&quot;</span><span class="s">foo</span><span class="se">\b</span><span class="s">ar&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="go">&quot;\&quot;foo\bar&quot;</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">u&#39;</span><span class="se">\u1234</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="go">&quot;\u1234&quot;</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="go">&quot;\\&quot;</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">&quot;c&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;b&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;a&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">sort_keys</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="go">{&quot;a&quot;: 0, &quot;b&quot;: 0, &quot;c&quot;: 0}</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">io</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">()</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&#39;streaming API&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">io</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">io</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">()</span>
-<span class="go">&#39;[&quot;streaming API&quot;]&#39;</span>
-</pre></div>
-<p>Compact encoding:</p>
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">simplejson</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,{</span><span class="s">&#39;4&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;6&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">7</span><span class="p">}],</span> <span class="n">separators</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;,&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">&#39;:&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
-<span class="go">&#39;[1,2,3,{&quot;4&quot;:5,&quot;6&quot;:7}]&#39;</span>
-</pre></div>
-<p>Pretty printing:</p>
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">simplejson</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">&#39;4&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;6&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">7</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">sort_keys</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">indent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rstrip</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">l</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">splitlines</span><span class="p">()])</span>
-<span class="go">{</span>
-<span class="go"> &quot;4&quot;: 5,</span>
-<span class="go"> &quot;6&quot;: 7</span>
-<span class="go">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-<p>Decoding JSON:</p>
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">simplejson</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">u&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">u&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">u&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">]}]</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;[&quot;foo&quot;, {&quot;bar&quot;:[&quot;baz&quot;, null, 1.0, 2]}]&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">obj</span>
-<span class="go">True</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;&quot;</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">&quot;foo</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">bar&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">u&#39;&quot;foo</span><span class="se">\x08</span><span class="s">ar&#39;</span>
-<span class="go">True</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">io</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;[&quot;streaming API&quot;]&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;streaming API&#39;</span>
-<span class="go">True</span>
-</pre></div>
-<p>Specializing JSON object decoding:</p>
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">simplejson</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">as_complex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dct</span><span class="p">):</span>
-<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s">&#39;__complex__&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">dct</span><span class="p">:</span>
-<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">complex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dct</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;real&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">dct</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;imag&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
-<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">dct</span>
-<span class="gp">...</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;{&quot;__complex__&quot;: true, &quot;real&quot;: 1, &quot;imag&quot;: 2}&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
-<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">object_hook</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">as_complex</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="go">(1+2j)</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">decimal</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1.1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parse_float</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">decimal</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">decimal</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1.1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="go">True</span>
-</pre></div>
-<p>Specializing JSON object encoding:</p>
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">simplejson</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">encode_complex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
-<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">complex</span><span class="p">):</span>
-<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">real</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">imag</span><span class="p">]</span>
-<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">&quot; is not JSON serializable&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="gp">...</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">encode_complex</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="go">&#39;[2.0, 1.0]&#39;</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">encode_complex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="go">&#39;[2.0, 1.0]&#39;</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">encode_complex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iterencode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">))</span>
-<span class="go">&#39;[2.0, 1.0]&#39;</span>
-</pre></div>
-<p>Using <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">simplejson.tool</span></tt> from the shell to validate and pretty-print:</p>
-<div class="highlight"><pre>$ echo &#39;{&quot;json&quot;:&quot;obj&quot;}&#39; | python -m simplejson.tool
-{
- &quot;json&quot;: &quot;obj&quot;
-}
-$ echo &#39;{ 1.2:3.4}&#39; | python -m simplejson.tool
-Expecting property name: line 1 column 2 (char 2)
-</pre></div>
-<div class="admonition note">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p class="last">The JSON produced by this module&#8217;s default settings is a subset of
-YAML, so it may be used as a serializer for that as well.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="basic-usage">
-<h2 id="basic-usage">Basic Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<dl class="function">
-<dt id="simplejson.dump">
-<!--[simplejson.dump]--><tt class="descclassname">simplejson.</tt><tt class="descname">dump</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em>, <em>fp</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>skipkeys</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ensure_ascii</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>check_circular</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>allow_nan</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cls</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>indent</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>separators</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>**kw</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#simplejson.dump" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
-<dd><p>Serialize <em>obj</em> as a JSON formatted stream to <em>fp</em> (a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.write()</span></tt>-supporting
-file-like object).</p>
-<p>If <em>skipkeys</em> is true (default: <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>), then dict keys that are not
-of a basic type (<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">int</span></tt>, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">long</span></tt>,
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt>, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">bool</span></tt>, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>) will be skipped instead of raising a
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt>.</p>
-<p>If <em>ensure_ascii</em> is false (default: <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>), then some chunks written
-to <em>fp</em> may be <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> instances, subject to normal Python
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> coercion rules. Unless <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fp.write()</span></tt>
-explicitly understands <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> (as in <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.getwriter()</span></tt>) this
-is likely to cause an error. It&#8217;s best to leave the default settings, because
-they are safe and it is highly optimized.</p>
-<p>If <em>check_circular</em> is false (default: <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>), then the circular
-reference check for container types will be skipped and a circular reference
-will result in an <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></tt> (or worse).</p>
-<p>If <em>allow_nan</em> is false (default: <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>), then it will be a
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt> to serialize out of range <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt> values (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nan</span></tt>,
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inf</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-inf</span></tt>) in strict compliance of the JSON specification.
-If <em>allow_nan</em> is true, their JavaScript equivalents will be used
-(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NaN</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-Infinity</span></tt>).</p>
-<p>If <em>indent</em> is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and object
-members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent level of 0
-will only insert newlines. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> (the default) selects the most compact
-representation.</p>
-<p>If specified, <em>separators</em> should be an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(item_separator,</span> <span class="pre">dict_separator)</span></tt>
-tuple. By default, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(',</span> <span class="pre">',</span> <span class="pre">':</span> <span class="pre">')</span></tt> are used. To get the most compact JSON
-representation, you should specify <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(',',</span> <span class="pre">':')</span></tt> to eliminate whitespace.</p>
-<p><em>encoding</em> is the character encoding for str instances, default is
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'utf-8'</span></tt>.</p>
-<p>If specified, <em>default</em> should be a function that gets called for objects
-that can&#8217;t otherwise be serialized. It should return a JSON encodable
-version of the object or raise a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt>. If not specified,
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt> is always raised in those cases.</p>
-<p>To use a custom <a title="simplejson.JSONEncoder" class="reference internal" href="#simplejson.JSONEncoder"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">JSONEncoder</span></tt></a> subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">default()</span></tt> method to serialize additional types), specify it with the
-<em>cls</em> kwarg.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<div class="admonition note">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p class="last">JSON is not a framed protocol so unlike <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></tt> or <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">marshal</span></tt> it
-does not make sense to serialize more than one JSON document without some
-container protocol to delimit them.</p>
-</div>
-</blockquote>
-</dd></dl>
-
-<dl class="function">
-<dt id="simplejson.dumps">
-<!--[simplejson.dumps]--><tt class="descclassname">simplejson.</tt><tt class="descname">dumps</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>skipkeys</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ensure_ascii</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>check_circular</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>allow_nan</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cls</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>indent</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>separators</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>**kw</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#simplejson.dumps" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
-<dd><p>Serialize <em>obj</em> to a JSON formatted <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>.</p>
-<p>If <em>ensure_ascii</em> is false, then the return value will be a
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> instance. The other arguments have the same meaning as in
-<a title="simplejson.dump" class="reference internal" href="#simplejson.dump"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">dump()</span></tt></a>. Note that the default <em>ensure_ascii</em> setting has much
-better performance.</p>
-</dd></dl>
-
-<dl class="function">
-<dt id="simplejson.load">
-<!--[simplejson.load]--><tt class="descclassname">simplejson.</tt><tt class="descname">load</tt><big>(</big><em>fp</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cls</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>object_hook</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_float</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_int</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_constant</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>**kw</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#simplejson.load" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
-<dd><p>Deserialize <em>fp</em> (a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.read()</span></tt>-supporting file-like object containing a JSON
-document) to a Python object.</p>
-<p>If the contents of <em>fp</em> are encoded with an ASCII based encoding other than
-UTF-8 (e.g. latin-1), then an appropriate <em>encoding</em> name must be specified.
-Encodings that are not ASCII based (such as UCS-2) are not allowed, and
-should be wrapped with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.getreader(fp)(encoding)</span></tt>, or simply decoded
-to a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> object and passed to <a title="simplejson.loads" class="reference internal" href="#simplejson.loads"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">loads()</span></tt></a>. The default
-setting of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'utf-8'</span></tt> is fastest and should be using whenever possible.</p>
-<p><em>object_hook</em> is an optional function that will be called with the result of
-any object literal decode (a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt>). The return value of
-<em>object_hook</em> will be used instead of the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt>. This feature can be used
-to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).</p>
-<p><em>parse_float</em>, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON
-float to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float(num_str)</span></tt>.
-This can be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON floats
-(e.g. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">decimal.Decimal</span></tt>).</p>
-<p><em>parse_int</em>, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON int
-to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int(num_str)</span></tt>. This can
-be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON integers
-(e.g. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt>).</p>
-<p><em>parse_constant</em>, if specified, will be called with one of the following
-strings: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'-Infinity'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'Infinity'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'NaN'</span></tt>. This can be used to
-raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers are encountered.</p>
-<p>To use a custom <a title="simplejson.JSONDecoder" class="reference internal" href="#simplejson.JSONDecoder"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">JSONDecoder</span></tt></a> subclass, specify it with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cls</span></tt>
-kwarg. Additional keyword arguments will be passed to the constructor of the
-class.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<div class="admonition note">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p class="last"><a title="simplejson.load" class="reference internal" href="#simplejson.load"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">load()</span></tt></a> will read the rest of the file-like object as a string and
-then call <a title="simplejson.loads" class="reference internal" href="#simplejson.loads"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">loads()</span></tt></a>. It does not stop at the end of the first valid
-JSON document it finds and it will raise an error if there is anything
-other than whitespace after the document. Except for files containing
-only one JSON document, it is recommended to use <a title="simplejson.loads" class="reference internal" href="#simplejson.loads"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">loads()</span></tt></a>.</p>
-</div>
-</blockquote>
-</dd></dl>
-
-<dl class="function">
-<dt id="simplejson.loads">
-<!--[simplejson.loads]--><tt class="descclassname">simplejson.</tt><tt class="descname">loads</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cls</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>object_hook</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_float</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_int</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_constant</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>**kw</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#simplejson.loads" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
-<dd><p>Deserialize <em>s</em> (a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> or <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> instance containing a JSON
-document) to a Python object.</p>
-<p>If <em>s</em> is a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> instance and is encoded with an ASCII based encoding
-other than UTF-8 (e.g. latin-1), then an appropriate <em>encoding</em> name must be
-specified. Encodings that are not ASCII based (such as UCS-2) are not
-allowed and should be decoded to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> first.</p>
-<p>The other arguments have the same meaning as in <a title="simplejson.load" class="reference internal" href="#simplejson.load"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">load()</span></tt></a>.</p>
-</dd></dl>
-
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="encoders-and-decoders">
-<h2 id="encoders-and-decoders">Encoders and decoders<a class="headerlink" href="#encoders-and-decoders" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<dl class="class">
-<dt id="simplejson.JSONDecoder">
-<!--[simplejson.JSONDecoder]-->class <tt class="descclassname">simplejson.</tt><tt class="descname">JSONDecoder</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>object_hook</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_float</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_int</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_constant</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>strict</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#simplejson.JSONDecoder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
-<dd><p>Simple JSON decoder.</p>
-<p>Performs the following translations in decoding by default:</p>
-<table border="1" class="docutils">
-<colgroup>
-<col width="44%" />
-<col width="56%" />
-</colgroup>
-<thead valign="bottom">
-<tr><th class="head">JSON</th>
-<th class="head">Python</th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody valign="top">
-<tr><td>object</td>
-<td>dict</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>array</td>
-<td>list</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>string</td>
-<td>unicode</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>number (int)</td>
-<td>int, long</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>number (real)</td>
-<td>float</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>true</td>
-<td>True</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>false</td>
-<td>False</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>null</td>
-<td>None</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<p>It also understands <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NaN</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-Infinity</span></tt> as their
-corresponding <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt> values, which is outside the JSON spec.</p>
-<p><em>encoding</em> determines the encoding used to interpret any <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> objects
-decoded by this instance (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'utf-8'</span></tt> by default). It has no effect when decoding
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> objects.</p>
-<p>Note that currently only encodings that are a superset of ASCII work, strings
-of other encodings should be passed in as <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>.</p>
-<p><em>object_hook</em>, if specified, will be called with the result of every JSON
-object decoded and its return value will be used in place of the given
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt>. This can be used to provide custom deserializations (e.g. to
-support JSON-RPC class hinting).</p>
-<p><em>parse_float</em>, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON
-float to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float(num_str)</span></tt>.
-This can be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON floats
-(e.g. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">decimal.Decimal</span></tt>).</p>
-<p><em>parse_int</em>, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON int
-to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int(num_str)</span></tt>. This can
-be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON integers
-(e.g. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt>).</p>
-<p><em>parse_constant</em>, if specified, will be called with one of the following
-strings: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'-Infinity'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'Infinity'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'NaN'</span></tt>. This can be used to
-raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers are encountered.</p>
-<p><em>strict</em> controls the parser&#8217;s behavior when it encounters an invalid
-control character in a string. The default setting of <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> means that
-unescaped control characters are parse errors, if <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> then control
-characters will be allowed in strings.</p>
-<dl class="method">
-<dt id="simplejson.JSONDecoder.decode">
-<!--[simplejson.JSONDecoder.decode]--><tt class="descname">decode</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#simplejson.JSONDecoder.decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
-<dd>Return the Python representation of <em>s</em> (a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> or
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> instance containing a JSON document)</dd></dl>
-
-<dl class="method">
-<dt id="simplejson.JSONDecoder.raw_decode">
-<!--[simplejson.JSONDecoder.raw_decode]--><tt class="descname">raw_decode</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#simplejson.JSONDecoder.raw_decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
-<dd><p>Decode a JSON document from <em>s</em> (a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> or <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>
-beginning with a JSON document) and return a 2-tuple of the Python
-representation and the index in <em>s</em> where the document ended.</p>
-<p>This can be used to decode a JSON document from a string that may have
-extraneous data at the end.</p>
-</dd></dl>
-
-</dd></dl>
-
-<dl class="class">
-<dt id="simplejson.JSONEncoder">
-<!--[simplejson.JSONEncoder]-->class <tt class="descclassname">simplejson.</tt><tt class="descname">JSONEncoder</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>skipkeys</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ensure_ascii</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>check_circular</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>allow_nan</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>sort_keys</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>indent</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>separators</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#simplejson.JSONEncoder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
-<dd><p>Extensible JSON encoder for Python data structures.</p>
-<p>Supports the following objects and types by default:</p>
-<table border="1" class="docutils">
-<colgroup>
-<col width="56%" />
-<col width="44%" />
-</colgroup>
-<thead valign="bottom">
-<tr><th class="head">Python</th>
-<th class="head">JSON</th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody valign="top">
-<tr><td>dict</td>
-<td>object</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>list, tuple</td>
-<td>array</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>str, unicode</td>
-<td>string</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>int, long, float</td>
-<td>number</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>True</td>
-<td>true</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>False</td>
-<td>false</td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>None</td>
-<td>null</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<p>To extend this to recognize other objects, subclass and implement a
-<a title="simplejson.JSONEncoder.default" class="reference internal" href="#simplejson.JSONEncoder.default"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">default()</span></tt></a> method with another method that returns a serializable object
-for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">o</span></tt> if possible, otherwise it should call the superclass implementation
-(to raise <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt>).</p>
-<p>If <em>skipkeys</em> is false (the default), then it is a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt> to
-attempt encoding of keys that are not str, int, long, float or None. If
-<em>skipkeys</em> is true, such items are simply skipped.</p>
-<p>If <em>ensure_ascii</em> is true (the default), the output is guaranteed to be
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> objects with all incoming unicode characters escaped. If
-<em>ensure_ascii</em> is false, the output will be a unicode object.</p>
-<p>If <em>check_circular</em> is false (the default), then lists, dicts, and custom
-encoded objects will be checked for circular references during encoding to
-prevent an infinite recursion (which would cause an <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></tt>).
-Otherwise, no such check takes place.</p>
-<p>If <em>allow_nan</em> is true (the default), then <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NaN</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></tt>, and
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-Infinity</span></tt> will be encoded as such. This behavior is not JSON
-specification compliant, but is consistent with most JavaScript based
-encoders and decoders. Otherwise, it will be a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt> to encode
-such floats.</p>
-<p>If <em>sort_keys</em> is true (the default), then the output of dictionaries
-will be sorted by key; this is useful for regression tests to ensure that
-JSON serializations can be compared on a day-to-day basis.</p>
-<p>If <em>indent</em> is a non-negative integer (it is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> by default), then JSON
-array elements and object members will be pretty-printed with that indent
-level. An indent level of 0 will only insert newlines. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> is the most
-compact representation.</p>
-<p>If specified, <em>separators</em> should be an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(item_separator,</span> <span class="pre">key_separator)</span></tt>
-tuple. By default, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(',</span> <span class="pre">',</span> <span class="pre">':</span> <span class="pre">')</span></tt> are used. To get the most compact JSON
-representation, you should specify <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(',',</span> <span class="pre">':')</span></tt> to eliminate whitespace.</p>
-<p>If specified, <em>default</em> should be a function that gets called for objects
-that can&#8217;t otherwise be serialized. It should return a JSON encodable
-version of the object or raise a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt>.</p>
-<p>If <em>encoding</em> is not <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, then all input strings will be transformed
-into unicode using that encoding prior to JSON-encoding. The default is
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'utf-8'</span></tt>.</p>
-<dl class="method">
-<dt id="simplejson.JSONEncoder.default">
-<!--[simplejson.JSONEncoder.default]--><tt class="descname">default</tt><big>(</big><em>o</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#simplejson.JSONEncoder.default" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
-<dd><p>Implement this method in a subclass such that it returns a serializable
-object for <em>o</em>, or calls the base implementation (to raise a
-<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt>).</p>
-<p>For example, to support arbitrary iterators, you could implement default
-like this:</p>
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">o</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
- <span class="n">iterable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
- <span class="k">pass</span>
- <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
- <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-</dd></dl>
-
-<dl class="method">
-<dt id="simplejson.JSONEncoder.encode">
-<!--[simplejson.JSONEncoder.encode]--><tt class="descname">encode</tt><big>(</big><em>o</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#simplejson.JSONEncoder.encode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
-<dd><p>Return a JSON string representation of a Python data structure, <em>o</em>. For
-example:</p>
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">simplejson</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
-<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;bar&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;baz&quot;</span><span class="p">]})</span>
-<span class="go">&#39;{&quot;foo&quot;: [&quot;bar&quot;, &quot;baz&quot;]}&#39;</span>
-</pre></div>
-</dd></dl>
-
-<dl class="method">
-<dt id="simplejson.JSONEncoder.iterencode">
-<!--[simplejson.JSONEncoder.iterencode]--><tt class="descname">iterencode</tt><big>(</big><em>o</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#simplejson.JSONEncoder.iterencode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
-<dd><p>Encode the given object, <em>o</em>, and yield each string representation as
-available. For example:</p>
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">chunk</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iterencode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bigobject</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="n">mysocket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">chunk</span><span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-<p>Note that <a title="simplejson.JSONEncoder.encode" class="reference internal" href="#simplejson.JSONEncoder.encode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">encode()</span></tt></a> has much better performance than
-<a title="simplejson.JSONEncoder.iterencode" class="reference internal" href="#simplejson.JSONEncoder.iterencode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">iterencode()</span></tt></a>.</p>
-</dd></dl>
-
-</dd></dl>
-
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="sphinxsidebar">
- <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
- <h3>Table Of Contents</h3>
- <ul>
-<li><a class="reference external" href=""><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">simplejson</span></tt> &#8212; JSON encoder and decoder</a><ul>
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