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+This is gettext.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from
+gettext.texi.
+
+INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU Gettext Utilities
+START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+* Gettext: (gettext).                           GNU gettext utilities.
+* gettextize: (gettext)gettextize Invocation.   Prepare a package for gettext.
+* msgfmt: (gettext)msgfmt Invocation.           Make MO files out of PO files.
+* msgmerge: (gettext)msgmerge Invocation.       Update two PO files into one.
+* xgettext: (gettext)xgettext Invocation.       Extract strings into a PO file.
+END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+
+   This file provides documentation for GNU `gettext' utilities.  It
+also serves as a reference for the free Translation Project.
+
+   Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.
+
+   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
+manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
+preserved on all copies.
+
+   Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
+this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
+the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
+permission notice identical to this one.
+
+   Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
+manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
+versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
+translation approved by the Foundation.
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: List of Programming Languages,  Next: List of Data Formats,  Prev: Translators for other Languages,  Up: Programming Languages
+
+Individual Programming Languages
+================================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* C::                           C, C++, Objective C
+* sh::                          sh - Shell Script
+* bash::                        bash - Bourne-Again Shell Script
+* Python::                      Python
+* Common Lisp::                 GNU clisp - Common Lisp
+* clisp C::                     GNU clisp C sources
+* Emacs Lisp::                  Emacs Lisp
+* librep::                      librep
+* Smalltalk::                   GNU Smalltalk
+* Java::                        Java
+* gawk::                        GNU awk
+* Pascal::                      Pascal - Free Pascal Compiler
+* wxWindows::                   wxWindows library
+* YCP::                         YCP - YaST2 scripting language
+* Perl::                        Perl
+* PHP::                         PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
+* Pike::                        Pike
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: C,  Next: sh,  Prev: List of Programming Languages,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+C, C++, Objective C
+-------------------
+
+RPMs
+     gcc, gpp, gobjc, glibc, gettext
+
+File extension
+     For C: `c', `h'.
+     For C++: `C', `c++', `cc', `cxx', `cpp', `hpp'.
+     For Objective C: `m'.
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `_("abc")'
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `gettext', `dgettext', `dcgettext', `ngettext', `dngettext',
+     `dcngettext'
+
+textdomain
+     `textdomain' function
+
+bindtextdomain
+     `bindtextdomain' function
+
+setlocale
+     Programmer must call `setlocale (LC_ALL, "")'
+
+Prerequisite
+     `#include <libintl.h>'
+     `#include <locale.h>'
+     `#define _(string) gettext (string)'
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     Use
+
+Extractor
+     `xgettext -k_'
+
+Formatting with positions
+     `fprintf "%2$d %1$d"' (POSIX but not C 99)
+
+Portability
+     autoconf (gettext.m4) and #if ENABLE_NLS
+
+po-mode marking
+     yes
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: sh,  Next: bash,  Prev: C,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+sh - Shell Script
+-----------------
+
+RPMs
+     bash, gettext
+
+File extension
+     `sh'
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"', `'abc'', `abc'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `"`gettext "abc"`"'
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `gettext', `ngettext' programs
+
+textdomain
+     environment variable `TEXTDOMAIN'
+
+bindtextdomain
+     environment variable `TEXTDOMAINDIR'
+
+setlocale
+     automatic
+
+Prerequisite
+     --
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     use
+
+Extractor
+     --
+
+Formatting with positions
+     --
+
+Portability
+     --
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: bash,  Next: Python,  Prev: sh,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+bash - Bourne-Again Shell Script
+--------------------------------
+
+RPMs
+     bash 2.0 or newer, gettext
+
+File extension
+     `sh'
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"', `'abc'', `abc'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `$"abc"'
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `gettext', `ngettext' programs
+
+textdomain
+     environment variable `TEXTDOMAIN'
+
+bindtextdomain
+     environment variable `TEXTDOMAINDIR'
+
+setlocale
+     automatic
+
+Prerequisite
+     --
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     use
+
+Extractor
+     `bash --dump-po-strings'
+
+Formatting with positions
+     --
+
+Portability
+     --
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: Python,  Next: Common Lisp,  Prev: bash,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+Python
+------
+
+RPMs
+     python
+
+File extension
+     `py'
+
+String syntax
+     `'abc'', `u'abc'', `r'abc'', `ur'abc'',
+     `"abc"', `u"abc"', `r"abc"', `ur"abc"',
+     `'''abc'''', `u'''abc'''', `r'''abc'''', `ur'''abc'''',
+     `"""abc"""', `u"""abc"""', `r"""abc"""', `ur"""abc"""'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `_('abc')' etc.
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `gettext.gettext', `gettext.dgettext', also `ugettext'
+
+textdomain
+     `gettext.textdomain' function, or `gettext.install(DOMAIN)'
+     function
+
+bindtextdomain
+     `gettext.bindtextdomain' function, or
+     `gettext.install(DOMAIN,LOCALEDIR)' function
+
+setlocale
+     not used by the gettext emulation
+
+Prerequisite
+     `import gettext'
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     emulate. Bug: uses only the first found .mo file, not all of them
+
+Extractor
+     pygettext.py
+
+Formatting with positions
+     `'...%(ident)d...' % { 'ident': value }'
+
+Portability
+     fully portable
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: Common Lisp,  Next: clisp C,  Prev: Python,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+GNU clisp - Common Lisp
+-----------------------
+
+RPMs
+     clisp 2.28 or newer
+
+File extension
+     `lisp'
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `(_ "abc")', `(ENGLISH "abc")'
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `i18n:gettext', `i18n:ngettext'
+
+textdomain
+     `i18n:textdomain'
+
+bindtextdomain
+     `i18n:textdomaindir'
+
+setlocale
+     automatic
+
+Prerequisite
+     --
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     use
+
+Extractor
+     `clisp-xgettext'
+
+Formatting with positions
+     `format "~1@*~D ~0@*~D"'
+
+Portability
+     On platforms without gettext, no translation.
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: clisp C,  Next: Emacs Lisp,  Prev: Common Lisp,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+GNU clisp C sources
+-------------------
+
+RPMs
+     clisp
+
+File extension
+     `d'
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `ENGLISH ? "abc" : ""'
+     `GETTEXT("abc")'
+     `GETTEXTL("abc")'
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `clgettext', `clgettextl'
+
+textdomain
+     --
+
+bindtextdomain
+     --
+
+setlocale
+     automatic
+
+Prerequisite
+     `#include "lispbibl.c"'
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     use
+
+Extractor
+     `clisp-xgettext'
+
+Formatting with positions
+     `fprintf "%2$d %1$d"' (POSIX but not C 99)
+
+Portability
+     On platforms without gettext, no translation.
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: Emacs Lisp,  Next: librep,  Prev: clisp C,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+Emacs Lisp
+----------
+
+RPMs
+     emacs, xemacs
+
+File extension
+     `el'
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `(_"abc")'
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `gettext', `dgettext' (xemacs only)
+
+textdomain
+     `domain' special form (xemacs only)
+
+bindtextdomain
+     `bind-text-domain' function (xemacs only)
+
+setlocale
+     automatic
+
+Prerequisite
+     --
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     use
+
+Extractor
+     xpot
+
+Formatting with positions
+     `format "%2$d %1$d"'
+
+Portability
+     Only XEmacs. Without `I18N3' defined at build time, no translation.
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: librep,  Next: Smalltalk,  Prev: Emacs Lisp,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+librep
+------
+
+RPMs
+     librep
+
+File extension
+     `jl'
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `(_"abc")'
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `gettext'
+
+textdomain
+     `textdomain' function
+
+bindtextdomain
+     `bindtextdomain' function
+
+setlocale
+     --
+
+Prerequisite
+     `(require 'rep.i18n.gettext)'
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     use
+
+Extractor
+     `rep-xgettext'
+
+Formatting with positions
+     `format "%2$d %1$d"'
+
+Portability
+     On platforms without gettext, no translation.
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: Smalltalk,  Next: Java,  Prev: librep,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+GNU Smalltalk
+-------------
+
+RPMs
+     smalltalk
+
+File extension
+     `st'
+
+String syntax
+     `''abc'''
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `NLS? ''abc'''
+     `self? ''abc'''
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `LcMessagesDomain>>#at:', `LcMessagesDomain>>#at:plural:with:'
+
+textdomain
+     `LcMessages>>#?' (returns a `LcMessagesDomain' object).
+     Example: `Locale default messages ? 'gettext''
+
+bindtextdomain
+     `LcMessages>>#domain:directory:' (returns a `LcMessagesDomain'
+     object)
+
+setlocale
+     You can obtain any `Locale' object from `Locale' class methods
+     such as `#fromString:' or `#default'.
+     Example: `Locale default messages' gives the `LcMessages' object
+     for the default locale.
+
+Prerequisite
+     The gettext code is contained in the `I18N' package.
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     emulate
+
+Extractor
+     --
+
+Formatting with positions
+     `'%1 %2' bindWith: 'Hello' with: 'world''
+
+Portability
+     fully portable
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: Java,  Next: gawk,  Prev: Smalltalk,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+Java
+----
+
+RPMs
+     java, java2
+
+File extension
+     `java'
+
+String syntax
+     "abc"
+
+gettext shorthand
+     _("abc")
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `GettextResource.gettext', `GettextResource.ngettext'
+
+textdomain
+     --, use `ResourceBundle.getResource' instead
+
+bindtextdomain
+     --, use CLASSPATH instead
+
+setlocale
+     automatic
+
+Prerequisite
+     --
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     --, uses a Java specific message catalog format
+
+Extractor
+     `xgettext -k_'
+
+Formatting with positions
+     `MessageFormat.format "{1,number} {0,number}"'
+
+Portability
+     fully portable
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+   Before marking strings as internationalizable, uses of the string
+concatenation operator need to be converted to `MessageFormat'
+applications. For example, `"file "+filename+" not found"' becomes
+`MessageFormat.format("file {0} not found", new Object[] { filename })'.
+Only after this is done, can the strings be marked and extracted.
+
+   GNU gettext uses the native Java internationalization mechanism,
+namely `ResourceBundle's. To convert a PO file to a ResourceBundle, the
+`msgfmt' program can be used with the option `--java' or `--java2'. To
+convert a ResourceBundle back to a PO file, the `msgunfmt' program can
+be used with the option `--java'.
+
+   Two different programmatic APIs can be used to access
+ResourceBundles.  Note that both APIs work with all kinds of
+ResourceBundles, whether GNU gettext generated classes, or other
+`.class' or `.properties' files.
+
+  1. The `java.util.ResourceBundle' API.
+
+     In particular, its `getString' function returns a string
+     translation.  Note that a missing translation yields a
+     `MissingResourceException'.
+
+     This has the advantage of being the standard API. And it does not
+     require any additional libraries, only the `msgfmt' generated
+     `.class' files. But it cannot do plural handling, even if the
+     resource was generated from a PO file with plural handling.
+
+  2. The `gnu.gettext.GettextResource' API.
+
+     Reference documentation in Javadoc 1.1 style format is in the
+     javadoc1 directory (javadoc1/tree.html) and in Javadoc 2 style
+     format in the javadoc2 directory (javadoc2/index.html).
+
+     Its `gettext' function returns a string translation. Note that when
+     a translation is missing, the MSGID argument is returned unchanged.
+
+     This has the advantage of having the `ngettext' function for plural
+     handling.
+
+     To use this API, one needs the `libintl.jar' file which is part of
+     the GNU gettext package and distributed under the LGPL.
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: gawk,  Next: Pascal,  Prev: Java,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+GNU awk
+-------
+
+RPMs
+     gawk 3.1 or newer
+
+File extension
+     `awk'
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `_"abc"'
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `dcgettext'
+
+textdomain
+     `TEXTDOMAIN' variable
+
+bindtextdomain
+     `bindtextdomain' function
+
+setlocale
+     automatic, but missing `setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, "")' in gawk-3.1.0
+
+Prerequisite
+     --
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     use
+
+Extractor
+     `gawk --gen-po'
+
+Formatting with positions
+     `printf "%2$d %1$d"' (GNU awk only)
+
+Portability
+     On platforms without gettext, no translation.  On non-GNU awks,
+     you must define `dcgettext' and `bindtextdomain' yourself.
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: Pascal,  Next: wxWindows,  Prev: gawk,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+Pascal - Free Pascal Compiler
+-----------------------------
+
+RPMs
+     fpk
+
+File extension
+     `pp', `pas'
+
+String syntax
+     `'abc''
+
+gettext shorthand
+     automatic
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     --, use `ResourceString' data type instead
+
+textdomain
+     --, use `TranslateResourceStrings' function instead
+
+bindtextdomain
+     --, use `TranslateResourceStrings' function instead
+
+setlocale
+     automatic, but uses only LANG, not LC_MESSAGES or LC_ALL
+
+Prerequisite
+     `{$mode delphi}' or `{$mode objfpc}'
+     `uses gettext;'
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     emulate partially
+
+Extractor
+     `ppc386' followed by `xgettext' or `rstconv'
+
+Formatting with positions
+     `uses sysutils;'
+     `format "%1:d %0:d"'
+
+Portability
+     ?
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+   The Pascal compiler has special support for the `ResourceString' data
+type. It generates a `.rst' file. This is then converted to a `.pot'
+file by use of `xgettext' or `rstconv'. At runtime, a `.mo' file
+corresponding to translations of this `.pot' file can be loaded using
+the `TranslateResourceStrings' function in the `gettext' unit.
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: wxWindows,  Next: YCP,  Prev: Pascal,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+wxWindows library
+-----------------
+
+RPMs
+     wxGTK, gettext
+
+File extension
+     `cpp'
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `_("abc")'
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `wxLocale::GetString', `wxGetTranslation'
+
+textdomain
+     `wxLocale::AddCatalog'
+
+bindtextdomain
+     `wxLocale::AddCatalogLookupPathPrefix'
+
+setlocale
+     `wxLocale::Init', `wxSetLocale'
+
+Prerequisite
+     `#include <wx/intl.h>'
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     emulate, see `include/wx/intl.h' and `src/common/intl.cpp'
+
+Extractor
+     `xgettext'
+
+Formatting with positions
+     --
+
+Portability
+     fully portable
+
+po-mode marking
+     yes
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: YCP,  Next: Perl,  Prev: wxWindows,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+YCP - YaST2 scripting language
+------------------------------
+
+RPMs
+     libycp, libycp-devel, yast2-core-translator
+
+File extension
+     `ycp'
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `_("abc")'
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `_()' with 1 or 3 arguments
+
+textdomain
+     `textdomain' statement
+
+bindtextdomain
+     --
+
+setlocale
+     --
+
+Prerequisite
+     --
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     use maps instead
+
+Extractor
+     `xgettext'
+
+Formatting with positions
+     `sformat "%2 %1"'
+
+Portability
+     fully portable
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: Perl,  Next: PHP,  Prev: YCP,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+Perl
+----
+
+RPMs
+     perl, perl-gettext
+
+File extension
+     `pl', `PL'
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     --
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `gettext', `dgettext', `dcgettext'
+
+textdomain
+     `textdomain' function
+
+bindtextdomain
+     `bindtextdomain' function
+
+setlocale
+     Use `setlocale (LC_ALL, "");'
+
+Prerequisite
+     `use POSIX;'
+     `use Locale::gettext;'
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     use
+
+Extractor
+     ?
+
+Formatting with positions
+     --
+
+Portability
+     ?
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: PHP,  Next: Pike,  Prev: Perl,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
+--------------------------
+
+RPMs
+     mod_php4, phplib, phpdoc
+
+File extension
+     `php', `php3', `php4'
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     `_("abc")'
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `gettext', `dgettext', `dcgettext'
+
+textdomain
+     `textdomain' function
+
+bindtextdomain
+     `bindtextdomain' function
+
+setlocale
+     `setlocale' function
+
+Prerequisite
+     --
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     use
+
+Extractor
+     --
+
+Formatting with positions
+     --
+
+Portability
+     On platforms without gettext, the functions are not available.
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: Pike,  Prev: PHP,  Up: List of Programming Languages
+
+Pike
+----
+
+RPMs
+     roxen
+
+File extension
+     `pike'
+
+String syntax
+     `"abc"'
+
+gettext shorthand
+     --
+
+gettext/ngettext functions
+     `gettext', `dgettext', `dcgettext'
+
+textdomain
+     `textdomain' function
+
+bindtextdomain
+     `bindtextdomain' function
+
+setlocale
+     `setlocale' function
+
+Prerequisite
+     `import Locale.Gettext;'
+
+Use or emulate GNU gettext
+     use
+
+Extractor
+     --
+
+Formatting with positions
+     --
+
+Portability
+     On platforms without gettext, the functions are not available.
+
+po-mode marking
+     --
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: List of Data Formats,  Prev: List of Programming Languages,  Up: Programming Languages
+
+Internationalizable Data
+========================
+
+   Here is a list of other data formats which can be internationalized
+using GNU gettext.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* POT::                         POT - Portable Object Template
+* RST::                         Resource String Table
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: POT,  Next: RST,  Prev: List of Data Formats,  Up: List of Data Formats
+
+POT - Portable Object Template
+------------------------------
+
+RPMs
+     gettext
+
+File extension
+     `pot', `po'
+
+Extractor
+     `xgettext'
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: RST,  Prev: POT,  Up: List of Data Formats
+
+Resource String Table
+---------------------
+
+RPMs
+     fpk
+
+File extension
+     `rst'
+
+Extractor
+     `xgettext', `rstconv'
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: Conclusion,  Next: Language Codes,  Prev: Programming Languages,  Up: Top
+
+Concluding Remarks
+******************
+
+   We would like to conclude this GNU `gettext' manual by presenting an
+history of the Translation Project so far.  We finally give a few
+pointers for those who want to do further research or readings about
+Native Language Support matters.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* History::                     History of GNU `gettext'
+* References::                  Related Readings
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: History,  Next: References,  Prev: Conclusion,  Up: Conclusion
+
+History of GNU `gettext'
+========================
+
+   Internationalization concerns and algorithms have been informally
+and casually discussed for years in GNU, sometimes around GNU `libc',
+maybe around the incoming `Hurd', or otherwise (nobody clearly
+remembers).  And even then, when the work started for real, this was
+somewhat independently of these previous discussions.
+
+   This all began in July 1994, when Patrick D'Cruze had the idea and
+initiative of internationalizing version 3.9.2 of GNU `fileutils'.  He
+then asked Jim Meyering, the maintainer, how to get those changes
+folded into an official release.  That first draft was full of
+`#ifdef's and somewhat disconcerting, and Jim wanted to find nicer
+ways.  Patrick and Jim shared some tries and experimentations in this
+area.  Then, feeling that this might eventually have a deeper impact on
+GNU, Jim wanted to know what standards were, and contacted Richard
+Stallman, who very quickly and verbally described an overall design for
+what was meant to become `glocale', at that time.
+
+   Jim implemented `glocale' and got a lot of exhausting feedback from
+Patrick and Richard, of course, but also from Mitchum DSouza (who wrote
+a `catgets'-like package), Roland McGrath, maybe David MacKenzie,
+Franc,ois Pinard, and Paul Eggert, all pushing and pulling in various
+directions, not always compatible, to the extent that after a couple of
+test releases, `glocale' was torn apart.
+
+   While Jim took some distance and time and became dad for a second
+time, Roland wanted to get GNU `libc' internationalized, and got Ulrich
+Drepper involved in that project.  Instead of starting from `glocale',
+Ulrich rewrote something from scratch, but more conformant to the set
+of guidelines who emerged out of the `glocale' effort.  Then, Ulrich
+got people from the previous forum to involve themselves into this new
+project, and the switch from `glocale' to what was first named
+`msgutils', renamed `nlsutils', and later `gettext', became officially
+accepted by Richard in May 1995 or so.
+
+   Let's summarize by saying that Ulrich Drepper wrote GNU `gettext' in
+April 1995.  The first official release of the package, including PO
+mode, occurred in July 1995, and was numbered 0.7.  Other people
+contributed to the effort by providing a discussion forum around
+Ulrich, writing little pieces of code, or testing.  These are quoted in
+the `THANKS' file which comes with the GNU `gettext' distribution.
+
+   While this was being done, Franc,ois adapted half a dozen of GNU
+packages to `glocale' first, then later to `gettext', putting them in
+pretest, so providing along the way an effective user environment for
+fine tuning the evolving tools.  He also took the responsibility of
+organizing and coordinating the Translation Project.  After nearly a
+year of informal exchanges between people from many countries,
+translator teams started to exist in May 1995, through the creation and
+support by Patrick D'Cruze of twenty unmoderated mailing lists for that
+many native languages, and two moderated lists: one for reaching all
+teams at once, the other for reaching all willing maintainers of
+internationalized free software packages.
+
+   Franc,ois also wrote PO mode in June 1995 with the collaboration of
+Greg McGary, as a kind of contribution to Ulrich's package.  He also
+gave a hand with the GNU `gettext' Texinfo manual.
+
+   In 1997, Ulrich Drepper released the GNU libc 2.0, which included the
+`gettext', `textdomain' and `bindtextdomain' functions.
+
+   In 2000, Ulrich Drepper added plural form handling (the `ngettext'
+function) to GNU libc.  Later, in 2001, he released GNU libc 2.2.x,
+which is the first free C library with full internationalization
+support.
+
+   Ulrich being quite busy in his role of General Maintainer of GNU
+libc, he handed over the GNU `gettext' maintenance to Bruno Haible in
+2000.  Bruno added the plural form handling to the tools as well, added
+support for UTF-8 and CJK locales, and wrote a few new tools for
+manipulating PO files.
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: References,  Prev: History,  Up: Conclusion
+
+Related Readings
+================
+
+   Eugene H. Dorr (`dorre@well.com') maintains an interesting
+bibliography on internationalization matters, called
+`Internationalization Reference List', which is available as:
+     ftp://ftp.ora.com/pub/examples/nutshell/ujip/doc/i18n-books.txt
+
+   Michael Gschwind (`mike@vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at') maintains a
+Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) list, entitled `Programming for
+Internationalisation'.  This FAQ discusses writing programs which can
+handle different language conventions, character sets, etc.; and is
+applicable to all character set encodings, with particular emphasis on
+ISO 8859-1.  It is regularly published in Usenet groups
+`comp.unix.questions', `comp.std.internat',
+`comp.software.international', `comp.lang.c', `comp.windows.x',
+`comp.std.c', `comp.answers' and `news.answers'.  The home location of
+this document is:
+     ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit/ISO-programming
+
+   Patrick D'Cruze (`pdcruze@li.org') wrote a tutorial about NLS
+matters, and Jochen Hein (`Hein@student.tu-clausthal.de') took over the
+responsibility of maintaining it.  It may be found as:
+     ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/nls/catalogs/Incoming/...
+          ...locale-tutorial-0.8.txt.gz
+
+This site is mirrored in:
+     ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/
+
+   A French version of the same tutorial should be findable at:
+     ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/linux/french/docs/
+
+together with French translations of many Linux-related documents.
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: Language Codes,  Next: Country Codes,  Prev: Conclusion,  Up: Top
+
+Language Codes
+**************
+
+   The ISO 639 standard defines two character codes for many languages.
+All abbreviations for languages used in the Translation Project should
+come from this standard.
+
+`aa'
+     Afar.
+
+`ab'
+     Abkhazian.
+
+`ae'
+     Avestan.
+
+`af'
+     Afrikaans.
+
+`am'
+     Amharic.
+
+`ar'
+     Arabic.
+
+`as'
+     Assamese.
+
+`ay'
+     Aymara.
+
+`az'
+     Azerbaijani.
+
+`ba'
+     Bashkir.
+
+`be'
+     Byelorussian; Belarusian.
+
+`bg'
+     Bulgarian.
+
+`bh'
+     Bihari.
+
+`bi'
+     Bislama.
+
+`bn'
+     Bengali; Bangla.
+
+`bo'
+     Tibetan.
+
+`br'
+     Breton.
+
+`bs'
+     Bosnian.
+
+`ca'
+     Catalan.
+
+`ce'
+     Chechen.
+
+`ch'
+     Chamorro.
+
+`co'
+     Corsican.
+
+`cs'
+     Czech.
+
+`cu'
+     Church Slavic.
+
+`cv'
+     Chuvash.
+
+`cy'
+     Welsh.
+
+`da'
+     Danish.
+
+`de'
+     German.
+
+`dz'
+     Dzongkha; Bhutani.
+
+`el'
+     Greek.
+
+`en'
+     English.
+
+`eo'
+     Esperanto.
+
+`es'
+     Spanish.
+
+`et'
+     Estonian.
+
+`eu'
+     Basque.
+
+`fa'
+     Persian.
+
+`fi'
+     Finnish.
+
+`fj'
+     Fijian; Fiji.
+
+`fo'
+     Faroese.
+
+`fr'
+     French.
+
+`fy'
+     Frisian.
+
+`ga'
+     Irish.
+
+`gd'
+     Scots; Gaelic.
+
+`gl'
+     Gallegan; Galician.
+
+`gn'
+     Guarani.
+
+`gu'
+     Gujarati.
+
+`gv'
+     Manx.
+
+`ha'
+     Hausa (?).
+
+`he'
+     Hebrew (formerly iw).
+
+`hi'
+     Hindi.
+
+`ho'
+     Hiri Motu.
+
+`hr'
+     Croatian.
+
+`hu'
+     Hungarian.
+
+`hy'
+     Armenian.
+
+`hz'
+     Herero.
+
+`ia'
+     Interlingua.
+
+`id'
+     Indonesian (formerly in).
+
+`ie'
+     Interlingue.
+
+`ik'
+     Inupiak.
+
+`is'
+     Icelandic.
+
+`it'
+     Italian.
+
+`iu'
+     Inuktitut.
+
+`ja'
+     Japanese.
+
+`jw'
+     Javanese.
+
+`ka'
+     Georgian.
+
+`ki'
+     Kikuyu.
+
+`kj'
+     Kuanyama.
+
+`kk'
+     Kazakh.
+
+`kl'
+     Kalaallisut; Greenlandic.
+
+`km'
+     Khmer; Cambodian.
+
+`kn'
+     Kannada.
+
+`ko'
+     Korean.
+
+`ks'
+     Kashmiri.
+
+`ku'
+     Kurdish.
+
+`kv'
+     Komi.
+
+`kw'
+     Cornish.
+
+`ky'
+     Kirghiz.
+
+`la'
+     Latin.
+
+`lb'
+     Letzeburgesch.
+
+`ln'
+     Lingala.
+
+`lo'
+     Lao; Laotian.
+
+`lt'
+     Lithuanian.
+
+`lv'
+     Latvian; Lettish.
+
+`mg'
+     Malagasy.
+
+`mh'
+     Marshall.
+
+`mi'
+     Maori.
+
+`mk'
+     Macedonian.
+
+`ml'
+     Malayalam.
+
+`mn'
+     Mongolian.
+
+`mo'
+     Moldavian.
+
+`mr'
+     Marathi.
+
+`ms'
+     Malay.
+
+`mt'
+     Maltese.
+
+`my'
+     Burmese.
+
+`na'
+     Nauru.
+
+`nb'
+     Norwegian Bokmaal.
+
+`nd'
+     Ndebele, North.
+
+`ne'
+     Nepali.
+
+`ng'
+     Ndonga.
+
+`nl'
+     Dutch.
+
+`nn'
+     Norwegian Nynorsk.
+
+`no'
+     Norwegian.
+
+`nr'
+     Ndebele, South.
+
+`nv'
+     Navajo.
+
+`ny'
+     Chichewa; Nyanja.
+
+`oc'
+     Occitan; Provenc,al.
+
+`om'
+     (Afan) Oromo.
+
+`or'
+     Oriya.
+
+`os'
+     Ossetian; Ossetic.
+
+`pa'
+     Panjabi; Punjabi.
+
+`pi'
+     Pali.
+
+`pl'
+     Polish.
+
+`ps'
+     Pashto, Pushto.
+
+`pt'
+     Portuguese.
+
+`qu'
+     Quechua.
+
+`rm'
+     Rhaeto-Romance.
+
+`rn'
+     Rundi; Kirundi.
+
+`ro'
+     Romanian.
+
+`ru'
+     Russian.
+
+`rw'
+     Kinyarwanda.
+
+`sa'
+     Sanskrit.
+
+`sc'
+     Sardinian.
+
+`sd'
+     Sindhi.
+
+`se'
+     Northern Sami.
+
+`sg'
+     Sango; Sangro.
+
+`si'
+     Sinhalese.
+
+`sk'
+     Slovak.
+
+`sl'
+     Slovenian.
+
+`sm'
+     Samoan.
+
+`sn'
+     Shona.
+
+`so'
+     Somali.
+
+`sq'
+     Albanian.
+
+`sr'
+     Serbian.
+
+`ss'
+     Swati; Siswati.
+
+`st'
+     Sesotho; Sotho, Southern.
+
+`su'
+     Sundanese.
+
+`sv'
+     Swedish.
+
+`sw'
+     Swahili.
+
+`ta'
+     Tamil.
+
+`te'
+     Telugu.
+
+`tg'
+     Tajik.
+
+`th'
+     Thai.
+
+`ti'
+     Tigrinya.
+
+`tk'
+     Turkmen.
+
+`tl'
+     Tagalog.
+
+`tn'
+     Tswana; Setswana.
+
+`to'
+     Tonga (?).
+
+`tr'
+     Turkish.
+
+`ts'
+     Tsonga.
+
+`tt'
+     Tatar.
+
+`tw'
+     Twi.
+
+`ty'
+     Tahitian.
+
+`ug'
+     Uighur.
+
+`uk'
+     Ukrainian.
+
+`ur'
+     Urdu.
+
+`uz'
+     Uzbek.
+
+`vi'
+     Vietnamese.
+
+`vo'
+     Volapu"k; Volapuk.
+
+`wo'
+     Wolof.
+
+`xh'
+     Xhosa.
+
+`yi'
+     Yiddish (formerly ji).
+
+`yo'
+     Yoruba.
+
+`za'
+     Zhuang.
+
+`zh'
+     Chinese.
+
+`zu'
+     Zulu.
+
+
+File: gettext.info,  Node: Country Codes,  Prev: Language Codes,  Up: Top
+
+Country Codes
+*************
+
+   The ISO 3166 standard defines two character codes for many countries
+and territories.  All abbreviations for countries used in the
+Translation Project should come from this standard.
+
+`AD'
+     Andorra.
+
+`AE'
+     United Arab Emirates.
+
+`AF'
+     Afghanistan.
+
+`AG'
+     Antigua and Barbuda.
+
+`AI'
+     Anguilla.
+
+`AL'
+     Albania.
+
+`AM'
+     Armenia.
+
+`AN'
+     Netherlands Antilles.
+
+`AO'
+     Angola.
+
+`AQ'
+     Antarctica.
+
+`AR'
+     Argentina.
+
+`AS'
+     Samoa (American).
+
+`AT'
+     Austria.
+
+`AU'
+     Australia.
+
+`AW'
+     Aruba.
+
+`AZ'
+     Azerbaijan.
+
+`BA'
+     Bosnia and Herzegovina.
+
+`BB'
+     Barbados.
+
+`BD'
+     Bangladesh.
+
+`BE'
+     Belgium.
+
+`BF'
+     Burkina Faso.
+
+`BG'
+     Bulgaria.
+
+`BH'
+     Bahrain.
+
+`BI'
+     Burundi.
+
+`BJ'
+     Benin.
+
+`BM'
+     Bermuda.
+
+`BN'
+     Brunei.
+
+`BO'
+     Bolivia.
+
+`BR'
+     Brazil.
+
+`BS'
+     Bahamas.
+
+`BT'
+     Bhutan.
+
+`BV'
+     Bouvet Island.
+
+`BW'
+     Botswana.
+
+`BY'
+     Belarus.
+
+`BZ'
+     Belize.
+
+`CA'
+     Canada.
+
+`CC'
+     Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
+
+`CD'
+     Congo (Dem. Rep.).
+
+`CF'
+     Central African Rep..
+
+`CG'
+     Congo (Rep.).
+
+`CH'
+     Switzerland.
+
+`CI'
+     Cote d'Ivoire.
+
+`CK'
+     Cook Islands.
+
+`CL'
+     Chile.
+
+`CM'
+     Cameroon.
+
+`CN'
+     China.
+
+`CO'
+     Colombia.
+
+`CR'
+     Costa Rica.
+
+`CU'
+     Cuba.
+
+`CV'
+     Cape Verde.
+
+`CX'
+     Christmas Island.
+
+`CY'
+     Cyprus.
+
+`CZ'
+     Czech Republic.
+
+`DE'
+     Germany.
+
+`DJ'
+     Djibouti.
+
+`DK'
+     Denmark.
+
+`DM'
+     Dominica.
+
+`DO'
+     Dominican Republic.
+
+`DZ'
+     Algeria.
+
+`EC'
+     Ecuador.
+
+`EE'
+     Estonia.
+
+`EG'
+     Egypt.
+
+`EH'
+     Western Sahara.
+
+`ER'
+     Eritrea.
+
+`ES'
+     Spain.
+
+`ET'
+     Ethiopia.
+
+`FI'
+     Finland.
+
+`FJ'
+     Fiji.
+
+`FK'
+     Falkland Islands.
+
+`FM'
+     Micronesia.
+
+`FO'
+     Faeroe Islands.
+
+`FR'
+     France.
+
+`GA'
+     Gabon.
+
+`GB'
+     Britain (UK).
+
+`GD'
+     Grenada.
+
+`GE'
+     Georgia.
+
+`GF'
+     French Guiana.
+
+`GH'
+     Ghana.
+
+`GI'
+     Gibraltar.
+
+`GL'
+     Greenland.
+
+`GM'
+     Gambia.
+
+`GN'
+     Guinea.
+
+`GP'
+     Guadeloupe.
+
+`GQ'
+     Equatorial Guinea.
+
+`GR'
+     Greece.
+
+`GS'
+     South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
+
+`GT'
+     Guatemala.
+
+`GU'
+     Guam.
+
+`GW'
+     Guinea-Bissau.
+
+`GY'
+     Guyana.
+
+`HK'
+     Hong Kong.
+
+`HM'
+     Heard Island and McDonald Islands.
+
+`HN'
+     Honduras.
+
+`HR'
+     Croatia.
+
+`HT'
+     Haiti.
+
+`HU'
+     Hungary.
+
+`ID'
+     Indonesia.
+
+`IE'
+     Ireland.
+
+`IL'
+     Israel.
+
+`IN'
+     India.
+
+`IO'
+     British Indian Ocean Territory.
+
+`IQ'
+     Iraq.
+
+`IR'
+     Iran.
+
+`IS'
+     Iceland.
+
+`IT'
+     Italy.
+
+`JM'
+     Jamaica.
+
+`JO'
+     Jordan.
+
+`JP'
+     Japan.
+
+`KE'
+     Kenya.
+
+`KG'
+     Kyrgyzstan.
+
+`KH'
+     Cambodia.
+
+`KI'
+     Kiribati.
+
+`KM'
+     Comoros.
+
+`KN'
+     St Kitts and Nevis.
+
+`KP'
+     Korea (North).
+
+`KR'
+     Korea (South).
+
+`KW'
+     Kuwait.
+
+`KY'
+     Cayman Islands.
+
+`KZ'
+     Kazakhstan.
+
+`LA'
+     Laos.
+
+`LB'
+     Lebanon.
+
+`LC'
+     St Lucia.
+
+`LI'
+     Liechtenstein.
+
+`LK'
+     Sri Lanka.
+
+`LR'
+     Liberia.
+
+`LS'
+     Lesotho.
+
+`LT'
+     Lithuania.
+
+`LU'
+     Luxembourg.
+
+`LV'
+     Latvia.
+
+`LY'
+     Libya.
+
+`MA'
+     Morocco.
+
+`MC'
+     Monaco.
+
+`MD'
+     Moldova.
+
+`MG'
+     Madagascar.
+
+`MH'
+     Marshall Islands.
+
+`MK'
+     Macedonia.
+
+`ML'
+     Mali.
+
+`MM'
+     Myanmar (Burma).
+
+`MN'
+     Mongolia.
+
+`MO'
+     Macao.
+
+`MP'
+     Northern Mariana Islands.
+
+`MQ'
+     Martinique.
+
+`MR'
+     Mauritania.
+
+`MS'
+     Montserrat.
+
+`MT'
+     Malta.
+
+`MU'
+     Mauritius.
+
+`MV'
+     Maldives.
+
+`MW'
+     Malawi.
+
+`MX'
+     Mexico.
+
+`MY'
+     Malaysia.
+
+`MZ'
+     Mozambique.
+
+`NA'
+     Namibia.
+
+`NC'
+     New Caledonia.
+
+`NE'
+     Niger.
+
+`NF'
+     Norfolk Island.
+
+`NG'
+     Nigeria.
+
+`NI'
+     Nicaragua.
+
+`NL'
+     Netherlands.
+
+`NO'
+     Norway.
+
+`NP'
+     Nepal.
+
+`NR'
+     Nauru.
+
+`NU'
+     Niue.
+
+`NZ'
+     New Zealand.
+
+`OM'
+     Oman.
+
+`PA'
+     Panama.
+
+`PE'
+     Peru.
+
+`PF'
+     French Polynesia.
+
+`PG'
+     Papua New Guinea.
+
+`PH'
+     Philippines.
+
+`PK'
+     Pakistan.
+
+`PL'
+     Poland.
+
+`PM'
+     St Pierre and Miquelon.
+
+`PN'
+     Pitcairn.
+
+`PR'
+     Puerto Rico.
+
+`PS'
+     Palestine.
+
+`PT'
+     Portugal.
+
+`PW'
+     Palau.
+
+`PY'
+     Paraguay.
+
+`QA'
+     Qatar.
+
+`RE'
+     Reunion.
+
+`RO'
+     Romania.
+
+`RU'
+     Russia.
+
+`RW'
+     Rwanda.
+
+`SA'
+     Saudi Arabia.
+
+`SB'
+     Solomon Islands.
+
+`SC'
+     Seychelles.
+
+`SD'
+     Sudan.
+
+`SE'
+     Sweden.
+
+`SG'
+     Singapore.
+
+`SH'
+     St Helena.
+
+`SI'
+     Slovenia.
+
+`SJ'
+     Svalbard and Jan Mayen.
+
+`SK'
+     Slovakia.
+
+`SL'
+     Sierra Leone.
+
+`SM'
+     San Marino.
+
+`SN'
+     Senegal.
+
+`SO'
+     Somalia.
+
+`SR'
+     Suriname.
+
+`ST'
+     Sao Tome and Principe.
+
+`SV'
+     El Salvador.
+
+`SY'
+     Syria.
+
+`SZ'
+     Swaziland.
+
+`TC'
+     Turks and Caicos Is.
+
+`TD'
+     Chad.
+
+`TF'
+     French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
+
+`TG'
+     Togo.
+
+`TH'
+     Thailand.
+
+`TJ'
+     Tajikistan.
+
+`TK'
+     Tokelau.
+
+`TM'
+     Turkmenistan.
+
+`TN'
+     Tunisia.
+
+`TO'
+     Tonga.
+
+`TP'
+     East Timor.
+
+`TR'
+     Turkey.
+
+`TT'
+     Trinidad and Tobago.
+
+`TV'
+     Tuvalu.
+
+`TW'
+     Taiwan.
+
+`TZ'
+     Tanzania.
+
+`UA'
+     Ukraine.
+
+`UG'
+     Uganda.
+
+`UM'
+     US minor outlying islands.
+
+`US'
+     United States.
+
+`UY'
+     Uruguay.
+
+`UZ'
+     Uzbekistan.
+
+`VA'
+     Vatican City.
+
+`VC'
+     St Vincent.
+
+`VE'
+     Venezuela.
+
+`VG'
+     Virgin Islands (UK).
+
+`VI'
+     Virgin Islands (US).
+
+`VN'
+     Vietnam.
+
+`VU'
+     Vanuatu.
+
+`WF'
+     Wallis and Futuna.
+
+`WS'
+     Samoa (Western).
+
+`YE'
+     Yemen.
+
+`YT'
+     Mayotte.
+
+`YU'
+     Yugoslavia.
+
+`ZA'
+     South Africa.
+
+`ZM'
+     Zambia.
+
+`ZW'
+     Zimbabwe.
+
+