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diff --git a/styleguide/c++/c++11.html b/styleguide/c++/c++11.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8370774 --- /dev/null +++ b/styleguide/c++/c++11.html @@ -0,0 +1,963 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<!-- +Copyright 2014 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved. +Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be +found in the LICENSE file. +--> +<html> +<head> +<meta charset="utf-8"> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="c++11.css"> +<style> +table tbody tr td:first-child { + font-weight: bold; + font-size: 110%; +} +</style> +</head> +<body> +<div id="content"> +<h1>C++11 use in Chromium</h1> + +<p><i>This document lives at src/styleguide/c++/c++11.html in a Chromium +checkout.</i></p> + +<p>This document summarizes the features of C++11 (both in the language itself +and in enhancements to the Standard Library) and describes which features are +allowed in Chromium and contains pointers to more detailed information. The +Guide applies to Chromium and its subprojects. Subprojects can choose to be +more restrictive if they need to compile on more toolchains than Chromium.</p> + +<p>You can propose to make a feature available or to ban a +feature by sending an email to chromium-dev. Ideally include a short blurb +on what the feature is, and why you think it should or should not be allowed. +Ideally, the list will arrive at some consensus and the wiki page will be +updated to mention that consensus. If there's no consensus, +<code>src/styleguide/C++/OWNERS</code> get to decide -- for divisive features, we expect +the decision to be to not use the feature yet and possibly discuss it again a +few months later, when we have more experience with the language.</p> + +<p class="warning">Unless otherwise noted, <strong>no</strong> C++11 +<strong>library</strong> features are allowed.</p> + +<h2 id="whitelist">C++11 Allowed Features</h2> + +<p>The following features are currently allowed.</p> + +<table id="whitelist_lang_list" class="unlined striped"> +<tbody> + +<tr> +<th style='width:220px;'>Feature</th> +<th style='width:260px;'>Snippet</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Description</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Documentation Link</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Notes and Discussion Thread</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Angle Bracket Parsing in Templates</td> +<td><code>>></code> for <code>> ></code> and <br /> +<code><::</code> for <code>< ::</code></td> +<td>More intuitive parsing of template parameters</td> +<td><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/15785496/c-templates-angle-brackets-pitfall-what-is-the-c11-fix"> +C++ Templates Angle Brackets Pitfall</a></td> +<td>Recommended to increase readability. Approved without discussion.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Local Types as Template Arguments</td> +<td></td> +<td>Allows local and unnamed types as template arguments</td> +<td><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/742607/using-local-classes-with-stl-algorithms"> +Local types, types without linkage and unnamed types as template arguments</a></td> +<td>Usage should be rare. Approved without discussion.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Standard Integers</td> +<td>Typedefs within <code><stdint.h></code> +and <code><inttypes></code></td> +<td>Provides fixed-size integers independent of platforms</td> +<td><a href="http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstdint/"> +<stdint.h> (cstdint)</a></td> +<td>Already in common use in the codebase. Approved without discussion.</td> +</tr> + +</tbody> +</table> + +<h2 id="blacklist">C++11 Blacklist (Disallowed and Banned Features)</h2> + +<p>This section lists features that are not allowed to be used yet. + +<h3 id="blacklist_banned">C++11 Banned Features</h3> + +<p>None yet! This section will list C++11 features that are not allowed in the +Chromium codebase. +</p> + +<!-- +<table id="banned_list" class="unlined striped"> +<tbody> + +<tr> +<th style='width:240px;'>Feature or Library</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Snippet</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Description</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Documentation Link</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Status</th> +</tr> + +</tbody> +</table> +--> + +<h3 id="blacklist_review">C++11 Features To Be Discussed</h3> + +<p>The following C++ language features are currently disallowed. +See the top of this page on how to propose moving a feature from this list +into the allowed or banned sections. Note that not all of these features +work in all our compilers yet.</p> + +<table id="blacklist_review_list" class="unlined striped"> +<tbody> + +<tr> +<th style='width:240px;'>Feature</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Snippet</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Description</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Documentation Link</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Notes</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Aliases</td> +<td><code>using <i>new_alias</i> = <i>typename</i></code></td> +<td>Allow parameterized typedefs</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/type_alias">Type alias (using syntax)</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Alignment Features</td> +<td> +<code>alignas</code> specifier, +<code>std::alignment_of<T></code>, +<code>std::aligned_union<Size, ...Types></code> and +<code>std::max_align_t</code></td> +<td>Object alignment</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/alignment_of">std::alignment_of</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Attributes</td> +<td><code>[[<i>attribute_name</i>]]</code></td> +<td>Attaches properties to declarations that +specific compiler implementations may use.</td> +<td><a href="http://www.codesynthesis.com/~boris/blog/2012/04/18/cxx11-generalized-attributes/"> +C++11 generalized attributes</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Automatic Types</td> +<td><code>auto</code></td> +<td>Automatic type deduction</td> +<td><a href="http://go/totw:4"> +Tip of the Week #4: Use <code>const auto&</code> and +<code>auto</code> to replace complex declarations</a></td> +<td><a +href="https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.html#auto">Google +Style Guide on <code>auto</code></a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Constant Expressions</td> +<td><code>constexpr</code></td> +<td>Compile-time constant expressions</td> +<td><a href="http://go/totw:57"> +Tip of the Week #57: <code>constexpr</code> is forever</a></td> +<td>Not supported in MSVS2013. <a +href="https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.html#constexpr">Google +Style Guide on <code>constexpr</code></a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Declared Type Accessor</td> +<td><code>decltype(<i>expression</i>)</code></td> +<td>Provides a means to determine the type of an expression at compile-time, +useful most often in templates.</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/decltype"> +decltype specifier</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Default Function Creation</td> +<td><code><i>Function</i>(<i>arguments</i>) = default;</code></td> +<td>Instructs the compiler to generate a default version +of the indicated function</td> +<td><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/823935/whats-the-point-in-defaulting-functions-in-c11"> +What's the point in defaulting functions in C++11?</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Default Function Template Arguments</td> +<td><code>template <typename T = <i>type</i>> <br /> + <i>type</i> <i>Function</i>(T <i>var</i>) {}</code></td> +<td>Allow function templates, like classes, to have default arguments</td> +<td><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2447458/default-template-arguments-for-function-templates"> +Default Template Arguments for Function Templates</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Delegated Constructors</td> +<td><code>Class() : Class(0) {}</code><br /> +<code>Class(<i>type</i> <i>var</i>) : Class(<i>var</i>, 0)</code></td> +<td>Allow overloaded constructors to use common initialization code</td> +<td><a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/5894415f-be62-4bc0-81c5-3956e82276f3/entry/introduction_to_the_c_11_feature_delegating_constructors?lang=en"> +Introduction to the C++11 feature: delegating constructors</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Enumerated Type Classes</td> +<td><code>enum class <i>classname</i></code></td> +<td>Provide enums as full classes, with no implicit +conversion to booleans or integers</td> +<td><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6936030/do-we-really-need-enum-class-in-c11"> +enum-class</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Exception Features</td> +<td><code>noexcept</code>, <code>exception_ptr</code>, +<code>current_exception()</code>, <code>rethrow_exception</code>, +and <code>nested_exception</code></td> +<td>Enhancements to exception throwing and handling</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/exception"> +std::exception</a></td> +<td>Exceptions are banned by the +<a href="https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.html#Exceptions"> +C++ Style Guide</a>.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Explicit Conversion Operators</td> +<td><code>explicit operator <i>type</i>() { +<br /> // code<br /> }</code></td> +<td>Allows conversion operators that cannot be implicitly invoked</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/explicit"> +explicit specifier</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Final Declarations</td> +<td><code>final</code></td> +<td>Indicates that a class or function is final and cannot be overridden</td> +<td><a href="http://go/totw:54"> +Tip of the Week #54: Controlling Your Inheritance</a></td> +<td><code>FINAL</code> is already widely used in the codebase.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Function Local Variable</td> +<td><code>__func__</code></td> +<td>Provides a local variable of the name of the enclosing +function for logging purposes</td> +<td><a href="http://www.informit.com/guides/content.aspx?g=cplusplus&seqNum=338"> +The __func__ Predeclared Identifier is Coming to C++</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Function Suppression</td> +<td><code><i>Function</i>(<i>arguments</i>) = delete;</code></td> +<td>Suppresses the implementation of a function, especially a +synthetic function such as a copy constructor</td> +<td>TODO: documentation link</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>(Uniform) Initialization Syntax</td> +<td><code><i>type</i> <i>name</i> { [<i>value</i> ..., <i>value</i>]};</code></td> +<td>Allows any object of primitive, aggregate or class +type to be initialized using brace syntax</td> +<td><a href="http://go/totw:58"> +Tip of the Week #58: Initializer Lists and the Uniform Initialization Syntax</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Inline Namespaces</td> +<td><code>inline</code></td> +<td>Allows better versioning of namespaces</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/namespace">Namespaces</a></td> +<td>Under investigation, unclear how it will work with +components</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Lambda Expressions</td> +<td><code>[<i>captures</i>](<i>params</i>) -> <i>ret</i> { <i>body</i> }</code></td> +<td>Anonymous functions</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/lambda">Lambda functions</a></td> +<td>No default captures (<a href="https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.html#Lambda_expressions">Google Style Guide</a>).</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><code>long long</code> Type</td> +<td><code>long long <i>var</i>= <i>value</i>;</code></td> +<td>An integer of at least 64 bits</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/types"> +Fundamental types</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Non-Static Class Member Initializers</td> +<td> +<code> +class C {<br /> + <i>type</i> <i>var</i> = <i>value</i>;<br/> + C() // copy-initializes <i>var</i><br/> +</code> +<td>Allows non-static class members to be initialized at their definitions (outside constructors)</td> +<td><a href="http://go/totw:61"> +Tip of the Week #58: Non-Static Class Member Initializers</a> and +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/data_members"> +Non-static data members</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Null Pointer Constant</td> +<td><code>nullptr</code></td> +<td>Declares a type-safe null pointer</td> +<td><a href="http://go/totw:39"> +Tip of the Week #39: Prefer C++11’s nullptr to NULL or 0</a></td> +<td><a href="https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.html#0_and_nullptr/NULL">Google Style Guidwe</a>. +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Overrides</td> +<td><code>override</code></td> +<td>Indicates that a class or function overrides a base implementation</td> +<td><a href="http://go/totw:54"> +Tip of the Week #54: Controlling Your Inheritance</a></td> +<td><code>OVERRIDE</code> is already widely used in the codebase.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Range-Based For Loops</td> +<td><code>for (<i>type</i> <i>var</i> : <i>range</i>)</code></td> +<td>Facilitates a more concise syntax for iterating over the elements +of a container (or a range of iterators) in a <code>for</code> loop</td> +<td>TODO: documentation link/a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Raw String Literals</td> +<td><code>string <i>var</i>=R"(<i>raw_string</i>)";</code></td> +<td>Allows a string to be encoded without any escape +sequences, easing parsing in regex expressions, for example</td> +<td>TODO: documentation linkRaw String Literals</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Rvalue References (and Move Semantics)</td> +<td><code>T(T&& t)</code> and <code>T& operator=(T&& t)</code></td> +<td>Reference that only binds to a temporary object</td> +<td>TODO: documentation linkstruction and assignment</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Static Assertions</td> +<td><code>static_assert(<i>bool</i>, <i>string</i>)</code></td> +<td>Tests compile-time conditions</td> +<td><<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/static_assert">Static Assertion</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Union Class Members</td> +<td><code>union <i>name</i> { <i>class</i> <i>var</i>}</code></td> +<td>Allows class type members</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/union"> +Union declarations</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>User-Defined Literals</td> +<td><code><i>type</i> <i>var</i> = <i>literal_value</i>_<i>type</i></code></td> +<td>Allows user-defined literal expressions</td> +<td>TODO: documentation link</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>UTF-8 String Literals</td> +<td><code>u8"<i>string</i>"</code></td> +<td>Enforces UTF-8 encoding on all string literals</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/string_literal"> +string literal</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>UTF-16 and UTF-32 Support (16-Bit and 32-Bit Character Types)</td> +<td><code>char16_t</code> and <code>char32_t</code></td> +<td>Provides character types for handling 16-bit +and 32-bit code units (useful for encoding +UTF-16 and UTF-32 string data)</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/types"> +Fundamental types</a></td> +<td>Non-UTF-8 text is banned by the +<a href="https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.html#Non-ASCII_Characters"> +C++ Style Guide</a>. However, may be useful for +consuming non-ASCII data.</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td>Variadic Macros</td> +<td><code>#define <i>MACRO</i>(...) <i>Impl</i>(<i>args</i>, __VA_ARGS__)</code></td> +<td>Allows macros that accept a variable number of arguments</td> +<td><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4786649/are-variadic-macros-nonstandard"> +Are Variadic macros nonstandard?</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Variadic Templates</td> +<td><code>template <<i>typename</i> ... <i>arg</i>></code></td> +<td>Allows templates that accept a variable number of arguments</td> +<td>TODO: documentation link</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +</tbody> +</table> + +<h3 id="blacklist_stdlib">C++11 Standard Library features</h3> + +<details> + +<p><summary class="note">All C++11 <strong>Standard Library features are currently +banned</strong>, because they are not supported on all of our toolchains yet. +In particular, chromium/android is currently using STLport, and chromium/mac is +currently using libstdc++4.2, which predate C++11. +</summary></p> + +<table id="banned_stdlib" class="unlined striped"> + +<tbody> +<tr> +<th style='width:240px;'>Feature</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Snippet</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Description</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Documentation Link</th> +<th style='width:240px;'>Style Guide Usage</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Address Retrieval</td> +<td><code>std::addressof()</code></td> +<td>Obtains the address of an object even with overloaded <code>operator&</code></td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/addressof">std::addressof</a></td> +<td>Usage should be rare as +<a href="https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.html#Operator_Overloading"> +Operator Overloading</a> is rare and <code>&s;</code> +should suffice in most cases. May be preferable +over <code>&s;</code> for performing object +identity checks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Aligned Storage</td> +<td><code>std::aligned_storage<Size, Align>::type</code></td> +<td>Declare uninitialized storage having a specified alignment.</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/aligned_storage">std::aligned_storage</a></td> +<td>Note: <code>std::aligned_storage</code> is allowed, but some other C++11 +alignment features are still disallowed.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Allocator Traits</td> +<td><code>std::allocator_traits</code></td> +<td>Provides an interface for accessing custom allocators</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/allocator_traits"> +std::allocator_traits</a></td> +<td>Usage should be rare.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Atomics</td> +<td><code>std::atomic</code> and others in <code><atomic></code></td> +<td>Fine-grained atomic types and operations</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/atomic"><atomic></a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Arrays</td> +<td><code>std::array</code></td> +<td>A fixed-size replacement for built-in arrays, with STL support</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array"> +std::array</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Begin and End Non-Member Functions</td> +<td><code>std::begin()</code> and <code>std::end()</code></td> +<td>Allows use of free functions on any container, including +built-in arrays</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/iterator/begin"> +std::begin</a> and +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/iterator/end"> +std::end</a></td> +<td>Useful for built-in arrays.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Bind Operations</td> +<td><code>std::bind(<i>function</i>, <i>args</i>, ...)</code></td> +<td>Declares a function object bound to certain arguments</td> +<td>TODO: documentation link</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>C Floating-Point Environment</td> +<td><code><cfenv></code></td> +<td>Provides floating point status flags and control modes for C-compatible code</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/header/cfenv">Standard library header <cfenv></a></td> +<td>Compilers do not support use</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Chrono Library</td> +<td><code><chrono></code></td> +<td>Provides a standard date and time library</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono">Date and time utilities</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Complex Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions</td> +<td>Functions within <code><complex></code></td> +<td>Adds inverse trigonomentric and hyperbolic non-member functions to +the <code><complex></code> library.</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/complex">std::complex</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Conditional Type Selection</td> +<td><code>std::enable_if</code> and <code>std::conditional</code></td> +<td>Enables compile-time conditional type selection</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/enable_if"> +std::enable_if</a> and +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/conditional"> +conditional</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Constant Iterator Methods on Containers</td> +<td><code>std::cbegin()</code> and <code>std::cend()</code></td> +<td>Enforces iteration methods that don't change container contents</td> +<td>TODO: documentation link</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Construct Elements in Containers</td> +<td><code>emplace()</code>,<code>emplace_back()</code>, +<code>emplace_front()</code>, <code>emplace_hint()</code></td> +<td>Constructs elements directly within a container without a copy +or a move</td> +<td>TODO: documentation link</td> +<td>Use where element construction within a container +is needed.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Container Compaction Functions</td> +<td><code>std::vector::shrink_to_fit()</code>, +<code>std::deque::shrink_to_fit()</code>, and +<code>std::string::shrink_to_fit()</code></td> +<td>Requests the removal of unused space +in the container</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector/shrink_to_fit"> +std::vector::shrink_to_fit</a>, +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/deque/shrink_to_fit"> +std::deque::shrink_to_fit</a>, and +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string/shrink_to_fit"> +std::basic_string::shrink_to_fit</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Date/Time String Formatting Specifiers</td> +<td><code>std::strftime()</code></td> +<td>Converts date and time information into a +formatted string using new specifiers</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/strftime"> +std::strftime</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Function Return Type Deduction</td> +<td><code>std::result_of<<i>Functor(ArgTypes...)</i>></code></td> +<td>Extracts the return type from the type signature of +a function call invocation at compile-time.</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/result_of"> +std::result_of</a></td> +<td> +<a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/15486951/why-does-stdresult-of-take-an-unrelated-function-type-as-a-type-argument"> +Why does std::result_of take an (unrelated) function type as a type argument? +</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Function Objects</td> +<td><code>std::function</code></td> +<td>Wraps a standard polymorphic function</td> +<td>TODO: documentation link</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Forward Lists</td> +<td><code>std::forward_list</code></td> +<td>Provides an efficient singly linked list</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/forward_list"> +std::forward_list</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Gamma Natural Log</td> +<td><code>std::lgamma()</code></td> +<td>Computes the natural log of the gamma of a +floating point value</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/lgamma"> +std::lgamma</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Garbage Collection Features</td> +<td><code>std::{un}declare_reachable()</code> and +<code>std::{un}declare_no_pointers()</code></td> +<td>Enables garbage collection implementations</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/gc/declare_reachable"> +std::declare_reachable</a> +and <a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/gc/declare_no_pointers"> +std::declare_no_pointers</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Heap Validation</td> +<td><code>std::is_heap()</code></td> +<td>Checks whether an iterator range is in fact a heap</td> +<td>TODO: documentation link</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Is Nan</td> +<td><code>std::isnan()</code></td> +<td>Determines if a floating point value is not-a-number</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/math/isnan">std::isnan</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Iterator Operators</td> +<td><code>std::next()</code> and <code>std::prev()</code></td> +<td>Copies an iterator and increments or decrements the copy by +some value</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/iterator/next">std::next</a> +and <a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/iterator/prev">std::prev</a> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Initializer Lists</td> +<td><code>std::initializer_list<T></code></td> +<td>Allows containers to be initialized with aggregate elements</td> +<td><a href="http://go/totw:58"> +Tip of the Week #58: Initializer Lists and the Uniform Initialization Syntax</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Move Semantics</td> +<td><code>std::move()</code></td> +<td>Facilitates efficient move operations</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move"> +<code>std::move</code> reference</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Pointer Traits Class Template</td> +<td><code>std::pointer_traits</code></td> +<td>Provides a standard way to access properties +of pointers and pointer-like types</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/pointer_traits"> +std::pointer_traits</a></td> +<td>Useful for determining the element type +pointed at by a (possibly smart) pointer.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Random Number Generators</td> +<td>Functions within <code><random></code></td> +<td>Random number generation algorithms and utilities</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random"> +Pseudo-random number generation</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Ratio Template Class</td> +<td><code>std::ratio<<i>numerator</i>, <i>denominator</i>></code></td> +<td>Provides compile-time rational numbers</td> +<td>TODO: documentation link</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Reference Wrapper Classes</td> +<td><code>std::reference_wrapper</code> and +<code>std::ref()</code>, <code>std::cref()</code></td> +<td>Allows you to wrap a reference within a standard +object (and use those within containers)</td> +<td><a href="http://www.informit.com/guides/content.aspx?g=cplusplus&seqNum=217"> +Reference Wrappers</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Regex Library</td> +<td><code><regex></code></td> +<td>Provides a standard regular expressions library</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/regex">Regular expressions library</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Shared Pointers</td> +<td><code>std::shared_ptr</code></td> +<td>Allows shared ownership of a pointer through reference counts</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/shared_ptr">std::shared_ptr</a></td> +<td><a href="https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.html#Ownership_and_Smart_Pointers"> +Ownership and Smart Pointers</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Soft Program Exits</td> +<td><code>std::at_quick_exit()</code> +and <code>std::quick_exit()</code></td> +<td>Allows registration of functions to be called upon exit, +allowing cleaner program exit than <code>abort()</code> or +<code>exit</code></td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/program/quick_exit"> +std:quick_exit</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>String Direct Reference Functions</td> +<td><code>std::string::front()</code> and <code>std::string::back()</code></td> +<td>Returns a reference to the front or back of a string</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string/front"> +std::basic_string::front</a> and +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string/back"> +std::basic_string::back</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>String to Number Functions</td> +<td><code>std::stoi()</code>, <code>std::stol()</code>, +<code>std::stoul()</code>, <code>std::stoll</code>, <code>std::stoull()</code>, +<code>std::stof()</code>, <code>std::stod()</code>, <code>std::stold()</code>, +and <code>std::to_string()</code></td> +<td>Converts strings to numbers</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string/stol"> +std::stoi, std::stol, std::stoll</a>, +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string/stoul"> +std::stoul, std::stoull</a>, and +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string/stof"> +std::stof, std::stod, std::stold</a> </td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>STL Algorithms</td> +<td>Functions within <code><algorithm></code>.</td> +<td>Enhancements to the set of STL algorithms</td> +<td><a href="http://go/totw:21"> +Tip of the Week #21: New C++11 STL Algorithms</a>. See +the <a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm"> +Algorithms library</a> for a complete list.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>System Errors</td> +<td><code><system_error></code></td> +<td>Provides a standard system error library</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/system_error">std::system_error</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Trailing Return Types</td> +<td><code>auto <i>function declaration</i> -> <i>return_type</i></code></td> +<td>Allows trailing function return value syntax</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/function"> +Declaring functions</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Thread Library</td> +<td><code><thread> support, including <future>, +<mutex>, <condition_variable></code></td> +<td>Provides a standard mulitthreading library using <code>std::thread</code> and associates</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread">Thread support library</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Tuples</td> +<td><code>std::tuple</code></td> +<td>A fixed-size ordered collection of values of mixed types</td> +<td>TODO: documentation link</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Type-Generic Math Functions</td> +<td>Functions within <code><ctgmath></code></td> +<td>Provides a means to call real or complex functions +based on the type of arguments</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/header/ctgmath"> +Standard library header <ctgmath></a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Type Info Enhancements</td> +<td><code>std::type_index</code> and <code>std::type_info::hash_code()</code></td> +<td>Allows type information (most often within containers) +that can be copied, assigned, or hashed</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/type_index"> +std::type_index</a> and +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/type_info/hash_code"> +std::type_info::hash_code</a></td> +<td><code>std::type_index</code> is a thin wrapper for +<code>std::type_info</code>, allowing you to use it directly +within both associative and unordered containers</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Type Traits</td> +<td>Class templates within <code><type_traits></code></td> +<td>Allows compile-time inspection of the properties of types</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/header/type_traits"> +Standard library header <type_traits></a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Unique Pointers</td> +<td><code>std::unique_ptr<<i>type</i>></code></td> +<td>Defines a pointer with clear and unambiguous ownership</td> +<td>TODO: documentation link</td> +<td><a href="https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.html#Ownership_and_Smart_Pointers"> +Ownership and Smart Pointers</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Unordered Associative Containers</td> +<td><code>std::unordered_set</code>, <code>std::unordered_map</code>, +<code>std::unordered_multiset</code>, and <code>std::unordered_multimap</code></td> +<td>Allows efficient containers of key/value pairs</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/unordered_map">std::unordered_map</a> +and <a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/unordered_set">std::unordered_set</a> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Variadic Copy Macro</td> +<td><code>va_copy(va_list <i>dest</i>, va_list <i>src</i>)</code></td> +<td>Makes a copy of the variadic function arguments</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Weak Pointers</td> +<td><code>std::weak_ptr</code></td> +<td>Allows a weak reference to a <code>std::shared_ptr</code></td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/weak_ptr"> +std::weak_ptr</a></td> +<td><a href="https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.html#Ownership_and_Smart_Pointers"> +Ownership and Smart Pointers</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Wide String Support</td> +<td><code>std::wstring_convert</code>, +<code>std::wbuffer_convert</code>. +<code>std::codecvt_utf8</code>, <code>std::codecvt_utf16</code>, +and <code>std::codecvt_utf8_utf16</code></td> +<td>Converts between string encodings</td> +<td><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/locale/wstring_convert"> +std::wstring_convert</a>, +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/locale/wbuffer_convert"> +std::wbuffer_convert</a>, +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/locale/codecvt_utf8"> +std::codecvt_utf8</a>, +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/locale/codecvt_utf16"> +std::codecvt_utf16</a>, and +<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/locale/codecvt_utf8_utf16"> +std::codecvt_utf8_utf16</a> +</td> +<td>Non-UTF-8 text is banned by the +<a href="https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.html#Non-ASCII_Characters"> +C++ Style Guide</a>. However, may be useful for +consuming non-ASCII data.</td> +</tr> + +</tbody> +</table> + +</details> + +</div> +</body> +</html> |