path: root/ui/base/l10n/l10n_util.cc

// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

#include "ui/base/l10n/l10n_util.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iterator>
#include <string>

#include "base/command_line.h"
#include "base/compiler_specific.h"
#include "base/file_util.h"
#include "base/i18n/file_util_icu.h"
#include "base/i18n/rtl.h"
#include "base/i18n/string_compare.h"
#include "base/lazy_instance.h"
#include "base/memory/scoped_ptr.h"
#include "base/path_service.h"
#include "base/strings/string_number_conversions.h"
#include "base/strings/string_split.h"
#include "base/strings/string_util.h"
#include "base/strings/stringprintf.h"
#include "base/strings/sys_string_conversions.h"
#include "base/strings/utf_string_conversions.h"
#include "build/build_config.h"
#include "third_party/icu/source/common/unicode/rbbi.h"
#include "third_party/icu/source/common/unicode/uloc.h"
#include "ui/base/l10n/l10n_util_collator.h"
#include "ui/base/l10n/l10n_util_plurals.h"
#include "ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.h"
#include "ui/base/ui_base_paths.h"

#if defined(OS_ANDROID)
#include "ui/base/l10n/l10n_util_android.h"
#endif

#if defined(OS_POSIX) && !defined(OS_MACOSX) && !defined(OS_ANDROID)
#include <glib.h>
#endif

#if defined(OS_WIN)
#include "ui/base/l10n/l10n_util_win.h"
#endif  // OS_WIN

namespace {

static const char* const kAcceptLanguageList[] = {
  "af",     // Afrikaans
  "am",     // Amharic
  "ar",     // Arabic
  "az",     // Azerbaijani
  "be",     // Belarusian
  "bg",     // Bulgarian
  "bh",     // Bihari
  "bn",     // Bengali
  "br",     // Breton
  "bs",     // Bosnian
  "ca",     // Catalan
  "co",     // Corsican
  "cs",     // Czech
  "cy",     // Welsh
  "da",     // Danish
  "de",     // German
  "de-AT",  // German (Austria)
  "de-CH",  // German (Switzerland)
  "de-DE",  // German (Germany)
  "el",     // Greek
  "en",     // English
  "en-AU",  // English (Australia)
  "en-CA",  // English (Canada)
  "en-GB",  // English (UK)
  "en-NZ",  // English (New Zealand)
  "en-US",  // English (US)
  "en-ZA",  // English (South Africa)
  "eo",     // Esperanto
  // TODO(jungshik) : Do we want to list all es-Foo for Latin-American
  // Spanish speaking countries?
  "es",     // Spanish
  "es-419", // Spanish (Latin America)
  "et",     // Estonian
  "eu",     // Basque
  "fa",     // Persian
  "fi",     // Finnish
  "fil",    // Filipino
  "fo",     // Faroese
  "fr",     // French
  "fr-CA",  // French (Canada)
  "fr-CH",  // French (Switzerland)
  "fr-FR",  // French (France)
  "fy",     // Frisian
  "ga",     // Irish
  "gd",     // Scots Gaelic
  "gl",     // Galician
  "gn",     // Guarani
  "gu",     // Gujarati
  "ha",     // Hausa
  "haw",    // Hawaiian
  "he",     // Hebrew
  "hi",     // Hindi
  "hr",     // Croatian
  "hu",     // Hungarian
  "hy",     // Armenian
  "ia",     // Interlingua
  "id",     // Indonesian
  "is",     // Icelandic
  "it",     // Italian
  "it-CH",  // Italian (Switzerland)
  "it-IT",  // Italian (Italy)
  "ja",     // Japanese
  "jw",     // Javanese
  "ka",     // Georgian
  "kk",     // Kazakh
  "km",     // Cambodian
  "kn",     // Kannada
  "ko",     // Korean
  "ku",     // Kurdish
  "ky",     // Kyrgyz
  "la",     // Latin
  "ln",     // Lingala
  "lo",     // Laothian
  "lt",     // Lithuanian
  "lv",     // Latvian
  "mk",     // Macedonian
  "ml",     // Malayalam
  "mn",     // Mongolian
  "mo",     // Moldavian
  "mr",     // Marathi
  "ms",     // Malay
  "mt",     // Maltese
  "nb",     // Norwegian (Bokmal)
  "ne",     // Nepali
  "nl",     // Dutch
  "nn",     // Norwegian (Nynorsk)
  "no",     // Norwegian
  "oc",     // Occitan
  "om",     // Oromo
  "or",     // Oriya
  "pa",     // Punjabi
  "pl",     // Polish
  "ps",     // Pashto
  "pt",     // Portuguese
  "pt-BR",  // Portuguese (Brazil)
  "pt-PT",  // Portuguese (Portugal)
  "qu",     // Quechua
  "rm",     // Romansh
  "ro",     // Romanian
  "ru",     // Russian
  "sd",     // Sindhi
  "sh",     // Serbo-Croatian
  "si",     // Sinhalese
  "sk",     // Slovak
  "sl",     // Slovenian
  "sn",     // Shona
  "so",     // Somali
  "sq",     // Albanian
  "sr",     // Serbian
  "st",     // Sesotho
  "su",     // Sundanese
  "sv",     // Swedish
  "sw",     // Swahili
  "ta",     // Tamil
  "te",     // Telugu
  "tg",     // Tajik
  "th",     // Thai
  "ti",     // Tigrinya
  "tk",     // Turkmen
  "to",     // Tonga
  "tr",     // Turkish
  "tt",     // Tatar
  "tw",     // Twi
  "ug",     // Uighur
  "uk",     // Ukrainian
  "ur",     // Urdu
  "uz",     // Uzbek
  "vi",     // Vietnamese
  "xh",     // Xhosa
  "yi",     // Yiddish
  "yo",     // Yoruba
  "zh",     // Chinese
  "zh-CN",  // Chinese (Simplified)
  "zh-TW",  // Chinese (Traditional)
  "zu",     // Zulu
};

// Returns true if |locale_name| has an alias in the ICU data file.
bool IsDuplicateName(const std::string& locale_name) {
  static const char* const kDuplicateNames[] = {
    "en",
    "pt",
    "zh",
    "zh_hans_cn",
    "zh_hant_hk",
    "zh_hant_mo",
    "zh_hans_sg",
    "zh_hant_tw"
  };

  // Skip all 'es_RR'. Currently, we use 'es' for es-ES (Spanish in Spain).
  // 'es-419' (Spanish in Latin America) is not available in ICU so that it
  // has to be added manually in GetAvailableLocales().
  if (LowerCaseEqualsASCII(locale_name.substr(0, 3),  "es_"))
    return true;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < arraysize(kDuplicateNames); ++i) {
    if (base::strcasecmp(kDuplicateNames[i], locale_name.c_str()) == 0)
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

// We added 30+ minimally populated locales with only a few entries
// (exemplar character set, script, writing direction and its own
// lanaguage name). These locales have to be distinguished from the
// fully populated locales to which Chrome is localized.
bool IsLocalePartiallyPopulated(const std::string& locale_name) {
  // For partially populated locales, even the translation for "English"
  // is not available. A more robust/elegant way to check is to add a special
  // field (say, 'isPartial' to our version of ICU locale files) and
  // check its value, but this hack seems to work well.
  return !l10n_util::IsLocaleNameTranslated("en", locale_name);
}

#if !defined(OS_MACOSX)
bool IsLocaleAvailable(const std::string& locale) {
  // If locale has any illegal characters in it, we don't want to try to
  // load it because it may be pointing outside the locale data file directory.
  if (!file_util::IsFilenameLegal(ASCIIToUTF16(locale)))
    return false;

  // IsLocalePartiallyPopulated() can be called here for an early return w/o
  // checking the resource availability below. It'd help when Chrome is run
  // under a system locale Chrome is not localized to (e.g.Farsi on Linux),
  // but it'd slow down the start up time a little bit for locales Chrome is
  // localized to. So, we don't call it here.
  if (!l10n_util::IsLocaleSupportedByOS(locale))
    return false;

  // If the ResourceBundle is not yet initialized, return false to avoid the
  // CHECK failure in ResourceBundle::GetSharedInstance().
  if (!ResourceBundle::HasSharedInstance())
    return false;

  // TODO(hshi): make ResourceBundle::LocaleDataPakExists() a static function
  // so that this can be invoked without initializing the global instance.
  // See crbug.com/230432: CHECK failure in GetUserDataDir().
  return ResourceBundle::GetSharedInstance().LocaleDataPakExists(locale);
}

bool CheckAndResolveLocale(const std::string& locale,
                           std::string* resolved_locale) {
  if (IsLocaleAvailable(locale)) {
    *resolved_locale = locale;
    return true;
  }

  // If there's a variant, skip over it so we can try without the region
  // code.  For example, ca_ES@valencia should cause us to try ca@valencia
  // before ca.
  std::string::size_type variant_pos = locale.find('@');
  if (variant_pos != std::string::npos)
    return false;

  // If the locale matches language but not country, use that instead.
  // TODO(jungshik) : Nothing is done about languages that Chrome
  // does not support but available on Windows. We fall
  // back to en-US in GetApplicationLocale so that it's a not critical,
  // but we can do better.
  std::string::size_type hyphen_pos = locale.find('-');
  std::string lang(locale, 0, hyphen_pos);
  if (hyphen_pos != std::string::npos && hyphen_pos > 0) {
    std::string region(locale, hyphen_pos + 1);
    std::string tmp_locale(lang);
    // Map es-RR other than es-ES to es-419 (Chrome's Latin American
    // Spanish locale).
    if (LowerCaseEqualsASCII(lang, "es") &&
        !LowerCaseEqualsASCII(region, "es")) {
      tmp_locale.append("-419");
    } else if (LowerCaseEqualsASCII(lang, "zh")) {
      // Map zh-HK and zh-MO to zh-TW. Otherwise, zh-FOO is mapped to zh-CN.
      if (LowerCaseEqualsASCII(region, "hk") ||
          LowerCaseEqualsASCII(region, "mo")) { // Macao
        tmp_locale.append("-TW");
      } else {
        tmp_locale.append("-CN");
      }
    } else if (LowerCaseEqualsASCII(lang, "en")) {
      // Map Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and South African English
      // to British English for now.
      // TODO(jungshik): en-CA may have to change sides once
      // we have OS locale separate from app locale (Chrome's UI language).
      if (LowerCaseEqualsASCII(region, "au") ||
          LowerCaseEqualsASCII(region, "ca") ||
          LowerCaseEqualsASCII(region, "nz") ||
          LowerCaseEqualsASCII(region, "za")) {
        tmp_locale.append("-GB");
      } else {
        tmp_locale.append("-US");
      }
    }
    if (IsLocaleAvailable(tmp_locale)) {
      resolved_locale->swap(tmp_locale);
      return true;
    }
  }

  // Google updater uses no, tl, iw and en for our nb, fil, he, and en-US.
  struct {
    const char* source;
    const char* dest;
  } alias_map[] = {
      {"no", "nb"},
      {"tl", "fil"},
      {"iw", "he"},
      {"en", "en-US"},
  };

  for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAYSIZE_UNSAFE(alias_map); ++i) {
    if (LowerCaseEqualsASCII(lang, alias_map[i].source)) {
      std::string tmp_locale(alias_map[i].dest);
      if (IsLocaleAvailable(tmp_locale)) {
        resolved_locale->swap(tmp_locale);
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}
#endif

// On Linux, the text layout engine Pango determines paragraph directionality
// by looking at the first strongly-directional character in the text. This
// means text such as "Google Chrome foo bar..." will be layed out LTR even
// if "foo bar" is RTL. So this function prepends the necessary RLM in such
// cases.
void AdjustParagraphDirectionality(string16* paragraph) {
#if defined(OS_POSIX) && !defined(OS_MACOSX) && !defined(OS_ANDROID)
  if (base::i18n::IsRTL() &&
      base::i18n::StringContainsStrongRTLChars(*paragraph)) {
    paragraph->insert(0, 1, static_cast<char16>(base::i18n::kRightToLeftMark));
  }
#endif
}

#if defined(OS_WIN)
std::string GetCanonicalLocale(const std::string& locale) {
  return base::i18n::GetCanonicalLocale(locale.c_str());
}
#endif

struct AvailableLocalesTraits :
    base::DefaultLazyInstanceTraits<std::vector<std::string> > {
  static std::vector<std::string>* New(void* instance) {
    std::vector<std::string>* locales =
        base::DefaultLazyInstanceTraits<std::vector<std::string> >::New(
            instance);
    int num_locales = uloc_countAvailable();
    for (int i = 0; i < num_locales; ++i) {
      std::string locale_name = uloc_getAvailable(i);
      // Filter out the names that have aliases.
      if (IsDuplicateName(locale_name))
        continue;
      // Filter out locales for which we have only partially populated data
      // and to which Chrome is not localized.
      if (IsLocalePartiallyPopulated(locale_name))
        continue;
      if (!l10n_util::IsLocaleSupportedByOS(locale_name))
        continue;
      // Normalize underscores to hyphens because that's what our locale files
      // use.
      std::replace(locale_name.begin(), locale_name.end(), '_', '-');

      // Map the Chinese locale names over to zh-CN and zh-TW.
      if (LowerCaseEqualsASCII(locale_name, "zh-hans")) {
        locale_name = "zh-CN";
      } else if (LowerCaseEqualsASCII(locale_name, "zh-hant")) {
        locale_name = "zh-TW";
      }
      locales->push_back(locale_name);
    }

    // Manually add 'es-419' to the list. See the comment in IsDuplicateName().
    locales->push_back("es-419");
    return locales;
  }
};

base::LazyInstance<std::vector<std::string>, AvailableLocalesTraits >
    g_available_locales = LAZY_INSTANCE_INITIALIZER;

}  // namespace

namespace l10n_util {

std::string GetApplicationLocale(const std::string& pref_locale) {
#if defined(OS_MACOSX)

  // Use any override (Cocoa for the browser), otherwise use the preference
  // passed to the function.
  std::string app_locale = l10n_util::GetLocaleOverride();
  if (app_locale.empty())
    app_locale = pref_locale;

  // The above should handle all of the cases Chrome normally hits, but for some
  // unit tests, we need something to fall back too.
  if (app_locale.empty())
    app_locale = "en-US";

  // Windows/Linux call SetICUDefaultLocale after determining the actual locale
  // with CheckAndResolveLocal to make ICU APIs work in that locale.
  // Mac doesn't use a locale directory tree of resources (it uses Mac style
  // resources), so mirror the Windows/Linux behavior of calling
  // SetICUDefaultLocale.
  base::i18n::SetICUDefaultLocale(app_locale);
  return app_locale;

#else

  std::string resolved_locale;
  std::vector<std::string> candidates;

  // We only use --lang and the app pref on Windows.  On Linux, we only
  // look at the LC_*/LANG environment variables.  We do, however, pass --lang
  // to renderer and plugin processes so they know what language the parent
  // process decided to use.

#if defined(OS_WIN)

  // First, try the preference value.
  if (!pref_locale.empty())
    candidates.push_back(GetCanonicalLocale(pref_locale));

  // Next, try the overridden locale.
  const std::vector<std::string>& languages = l10n_util::GetLocaleOverrides();
  if (!languages.empty()) {
    candidates.reserve(candidates.size() + languages.size());
    std::transform(languages.begin(), languages.end(),
                   std::back_inserter(candidates), &GetCanonicalLocale);
  } else {
    // If no override was set, defer to ICU
    candidates.push_back(base::i18n::GetConfiguredLocale());
  }

#elif defined(OS_CHROMEOS) || (defined(USE_AURA) && !defined(OS_LINUX))

  // On ChromeOS, use the application locale preference.
  if (!pref_locale.empty())
    candidates.push_back(pref_locale);

#elif defined(OS_ANDROID)

  // On Android, query java.util.Locale for the default locale.
  candidates.push_back(GetDefaultLocale());

#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
  // If we're on a different Linux system, we have glib.

  // GLib implements correct environment variable parsing with
  // the precedence order: LANGUAGE, LC_ALL, LC_MESSAGES and LANG.
  // We used to use our custom parsing code along with ICU for this purpose.
  // If we have a port that does not depend on GTK, we have to
  // restore our custom code for that port.
  const char* const* languages = g_get_language_names();
  DCHECK(languages);  // A valid pointer is guaranteed.
  DCHECK(*languages);  // At least one entry, "C", is guaranteed.

  for (; *languages != NULL; ++languages) {
    candidates.push_back(base::i18n::GetCanonicalLocale(*languages));
  }

#else
#error Unsupported platform, see build/build_config.h
#endif

  std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator i = candidates.begin();
  for (; i != candidates.end(); ++i) {
    if (CheckAndResolveLocale(*i, &resolved_locale)) {
      base::i18n::SetICUDefaultLocale(resolved_locale);
      return resolved_locale;
    }
  }

  // Fallback on en-US.
  const std::string fallback_locale("en-US");
  if (IsLocaleAvailable(fallback_locale)) {
    base::i18n::SetICUDefaultLocale(fallback_locale);
    return fallback_locale;
  }

  return std::string();

#endif
}

bool IsLocaleNameTranslated(const char* locale,
                            const std::string& display_locale) {
  string16 display_name =
      l10n_util::GetDisplayNameForLocale(locale, display_locale, false);
  // Because ICU sets the error code to U_USING_DEFAULT_WARNING whether or not
  // uloc_getDisplayName returns the actual translation or the default
  // value (locale code), we have to rely on this hack to tell whether
  // the translation is available or not.  If ICU doesn't have a translated
  // name for this locale, GetDisplayNameForLocale will just return the
  // locale code.
  return !IsStringASCII(display_name) || UTF16ToASCII(display_name) != locale;
}

string16 GetDisplayNameForLocale(const std::string& locale,
                                 const std::string& display_locale,
                                 bool is_for_ui) {
  std::string locale_code = locale;
  // Internally, we use the language code of zh-CN and zh-TW, but we want the
  // display names to be Chinese (Simplified) and Chinese (Traditional) instead
  // of Chinese (China) and Chinese (Taiwan).  To do that, we pass zh-Hans
  // and zh-Hant to ICU. Even with this mapping, we'd get
  // 'Chinese (Simplified Han)' and 'Chinese (Traditional Han)' in English and
  // even longer results in other languages. Arguably, they're better than
  // the current results : Chinese (China) / Chinese (Taiwan).
  // TODO(jungshik): Do one of the following:
  // 1. Special-case Chinese by getting the custom-translation for them
  // 2. Recycle IDS_ENCODING_{SIMP,TRAD}_CHINESE.
  // 3. Get translations for two directly from the ICU resouce bundle
  // because they're not accessible with other any API.
  // 4. Patch ICU to special-case zh-Hans/zh-Hant for us.
  // #1 and #2 wouldn't work if display_locale != current UI locale although
  // we can think of additional hack to work around the problem.
  // #3 can be potentially expensive.
  if (locale_code == "zh-CN")
    locale_code = "zh-Hans";
  else if (locale_code == "zh-TW")
    locale_code = "zh-Hant";

  string16 display_name;
#if defined(OS_ANDROID)
  // Use Java API to get locale display name so that we can remove most of
  // the lang data from icu data to reduce binary size, except for zh-Hans and
  // zh-Hant because the current Android Java API doesn't support scripts.
  // TODO(wangxianzhu): remove the special handling of zh-Hans and zh-Hant once
  // Android Java API supports scripts.
  if (!StartsWithASCII(locale_code, "zh-Han", true)) {
    display_name = GetDisplayNameForLocale(locale_code, display_locale);
  } else
#endif
  {
    UErrorCode error = U_ZERO_ERROR;
    const int kBufferSize = 1024;

    int actual_size = uloc_getDisplayName(
        locale_code.c_str(), display_locale.c_str(),
        WriteInto(&display_name, kBufferSize), kBufferSize - 1, &error);
    DCHECK(U_SUCCESS(error));
    display_name.resize(actual_size);
  }

  // Add directional markup so parentheses are properly placed.
  if (is_for_ui && base::i18n::IsRTL())
    base::i18n::AdjustStringForLocaleDirection(&display_name);
  return display_name;
}

string16 GetDisplayNameForCountry(const std::string& country_code,
                                  const std::string& display_locale) {
  return GetDisplayNameForLocale("_" + country_code, display_locale, false);
}

std::string NormalizeLocale(const std::string& locale) {
  std::string normalized_locale(locale);
  std::replace(normalized_locale.begin(), normalized_locale.end(), '-', '_');

  return normalized_locale;
}

void GetParentLocales(const std::string& current_locale,
                      std::vector<std::string>* parent_locales) {
  std::string locale(NormalizeLocale(current_locale));

  const int kNameCapacity = 256;
  char parent[kNameCapacity];
  base::strlcpy(parent, locale.c_str(), kNameCapacity);
  parent_locales->push_back(parent);
  UErrorCode err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
  while (uloc_getParent(parent, parent, kNameCapacity, &err) > 0) {
    if (U_FAILURE(err))
      break;
    parent_locales->push_back(parent);
  }
}

bool IsValidLocaleSyntax(const std::string& locale) {
  // Check that the length is plausible.
  if (locale.size() < 2 || locale.size() >= ULOC_FULLNAME_CAPACITY)
    return false;

  // Strip off the part after an '@' sign, which might contain keywords,
  // as in en_IE@currency=IEP or fr@collation=phonebook;calendar=islamic-civil.
  // We don't validate that part much, just check that there's at least one
  // equals sign in a plausible place. Normalize the prefix so that hyphens
  // are changed to underscores.
  std::string prefix = NormalizeLocale(locale);
  size_t split_point = locale.find("@");
  if (split_point != std::string::npos) {
    std::string keywords = locale.substr(split_point + 1);
    prefix = locale.substr(0, split_point);

    size_t equals_loc = keywords.find("=");
    if (equals_loc == std::string::npos ||
        equals_loc < 1 || equals_loc > keywords.size() - 2)
      return false;
  }

  // Check that all characters before the at-sign are alphanumeric or
  // underscore.
  for (size_t i = 0; i < prefix.size(); i++) {
    char ch = prefix[i];
    if (!IsAsciiAlpha(ch) && !IsAsciiDigit(ch) && ch != '_')
      return false;
  }

  // Check that the initial token (before the first hyphen/underscore)
  // is 1 - 3 alphabetical characters (a language tag).
  for (size_t i = 0; i < prefix.size(); i++) {
    char ch = prefix[i];
    if (ch == '_') {
      if (i < 1 || i > 3)
        return false;
      break;
    }
    if (!IsAsciiAlpha(ch))
      return false;
  }

  // Check that the all tokens after the initial token are 1 - 8 characters.
  // (Tokenize/StringTokenizer don't work here, they collapse multiple
  // delimiters into one.)
  int token_len = 0;
  int token_index = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < prefix.size(); i++) {
    if (prefix[i] != '_') {
      token_len++;
      continue;
    }

    if (token_index > 0 && (token_len < 1 || token_len > 8)) {
      return false;
    }
    token_index++;
    token_len = 0;
  }
  if (token_index == 0 && (token_len < 1 || token_len > 3)) {
    return false;
  } else if (token_len < 1 || token_len > 8) {
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

std::string GetStringUTF8(int message_id) {
  return UTF16ToUTF8(GetStringUTF16(message_id));
}

string16 GetStringUTF16(int message_id) {
  ResourceBundle& rb = ResourceBundle::GetSharedInstance();
  string16 str = rb.GetLocalizedString(message_id);
  AdjustParagraphDirectionality(&str);

  return str;
}

static string16 GetStringF(int message_id,
                           const std::vector<string16>& replacements,
                           std::vector<size_t>* offsets) {
  // TODO(tc): We could save a string copy if we got the raw string as
  // a StringPiece and were able to call ReplaceStringPlaceholders with
  // a StringPiece format string and string16 substitution strings.  In
  // practice, the strings should be relatively short.
  ResourceBundle& rb = ResourceBundle::GetSharedInstance();
  const string16& format_string = rb.GetLocalizedString(message_id);

#ifndef NDEBUG
  // Make sure every replacement string is being used, so we don't just
  // silently fail to insert one. If |offsets| is non-NULL, then don't do this
  // check as the code may simply want to find the placeholders rather than
  // actually replacing them.
  if (!offsets) {
    std::string utf8_string = UTF16ToUTF8(format_string);

    // $9 is the highest allowed placeholder.
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 9; ++i) {
      bool placeholder_should_exist = replacements.size() > i;

      std::string placeholder =
          base::StringPrintf("$%d", static_cast<int>(i + 1));
      size_t pos = utf8_string.find(placeholder.c_str());
      if (placeholder_should_exist) {
        DCHECK_NE(std::string::npos, pos) <<
            " Didn't find a " << placeholder << " placeholder in " <<
            utf8_string;
      } else {
        DCHECK_EQ(std::string::npos, pos) <<
            " Unexpectedly found a " << placeholder << " placeholder in " <<
            utf8_string;
      }
    }
  }
#endif

  string16 formatted = ReplaceStringPlaceholders(format_string, replacements,
                                                 offsets);
  AdjustParagraphDirectionality(&formatted);

  return formatted;
}

std::string GetStringFUTF8(int message_id,
                           const string16& a) {
  return UTF16ToUTF8(GetStringFUTF16(message_id, a));
}

std::string GetStringFUTF8(int message_id,
                           const string16& a,
                           const string16& b) {
  return UTF16ToUTF8(GetStringFUTF16(message_id, a, b));
}

std::string GetStringFUTF8(int message_id,
                           const string16& a,
                           const string16& b,
                           const string16& c) {
  return UTF16ToUTF8(GetStringFUTF16(message_id, a, b, c));
}

std::string GetStringFUTF8(int message_id,
                           const string16& a,
                           const string16& b,
                           const string16& c,
                           const string16& d) {
  return UTF16ToUTF8(GetStringFUTF16(message_id, a, b, c, d));
}

string16 GetStringFUTF16(int message_id,
                         const string16& a) {
  std::vector<string16> replacements;
  replacements.push_back(a);
  return GetStringF(message_id, replacements, NULL);
}

string16 GetStringFUTF16(int message_id,
                         const string16& a,
                         const string16& b) {
  return GetStringFUTF16(message_id, a, b, NULL);
}

string16 GetStringFUTF16(int message_id,
                         const string16& a,
                         const string16& b,
                         const string16& c) {
  std::vector<string16> replacements;
  replacements.push_back(a);
  replacements.push_back(b);
  replacements.push_back(c);
  return GetStringF(message_id, replacements, NULL);
}

string16 GetStringFUTF16(int message_id,
                         const string16& a,
                         const string16& b,
                         const string16& c,
                         const string16& d) {
  std::vector<string16> replacements;
  replacements.push_back(a);
  replacements.push_back(b);
  replacements.push_back(c);
  replacements.push_back(d);
  return GetStringF(message_id, replacements, NULL);
}

string16 GetStringFUTF16(int message_id,
                         const string16& a,
                         const string16& b,
                         const string16& c,
                         const string16& d,
                         const string16& e) {
  std::vector<string16> replacements;
  replacements.push_back(a);
  replacements.push_back(b);
  replacements.push_back(c);
  replacements.push_back(d);
  replacements.push_back(e);
  return GetStringF(message_id, replacements, NULL);
}

string16 GetStringFUTF16(int message_id, const string16& a, size_t* offset) {
  DCHECK(offset);
  std::vector<size_t> offsets;
  std::vector<string16> replacements;
  replacements.push_back(a);
  string16 result = GetStringF(message_id, replacements, &offsets);
  DCHECK(offsets.size() == 1);
  *offset = offsets[0];
  return result;
}

string16 GetStringFUTF16(int message_id,
                         const string16& a,
                         const string16& b,
                         std::vector<size_t>* offsets) {
  std::vector<string16> replacements;
  replacements.push_back(a);
  replacements.push_back(b);
  return GetStringF(message_id, replacements, offsets);
}

string16 GetStringFUTF16Int(int message_id, int a) {
  return GetStringFUTF16(message_id, UTF8ToUTF16(base::IntToString(a)));
}

string16 GetStringFUTF16Int(int message_id, int64 a) {
  return GetStringFUTF16(message_id, UTF8ToUTF16(base::Int64ToString(a)));
}

// Specialization of operator() method for string16 version.
template <>
bool StringComparator<string16>::operator()(const string16& lhs,
                                            const string16& rhs) {
  // If we can not get collator instance for specified locale, just do simple
  // string compare.
  if (!collator_)
    return lhs < rhs;
  return base::i18n::CompareString16WithCollator(collator_, lhs, rhs) ==
      UCOL_LESS;
};

string16 GetPluralStringFUTF16(const std::vector<int>& message_ids,
                               int number) {
  scoped_ptr<icu::PluralFormat> format = BuildPluralFormat(message_ids);
  DCHECK(format);

  UErrorCode err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
  icu::UnicodeString result_files_string = format->format(number, err);
  int capacity = result_files_string.length() + 1;
  DCHECK_GT(capacity, 1);
  string16 result;
  result_files_string.extract(
      static_cast<UChar*>(WriteInto(&result, capacity)), capacity, err);
  DCHECK(U_SUCCESS(err));
  return result;
}

std::string GetPluralStringFUTF8(const std::vector<int>& message_ids,
                                 int number) {
  return base::UTF16ToUTF8(GetPluralStringFUTF16(message_ids, number));
}

void SortStrings16(const std::string& locale,
                   std::vector<string16>* strings) {
  SortVectorWithStringKey(locale, strings, false);
}

const std::vector<std::string>& GetAvailableLocales() {
  return g_available_locales.Get();
}

void GetAcceptLanguagesForLocale(const std::string& display_locale,
                                 std::vector<std::string>* locale_codes) {
  for (size_t i = 0; i < arraysize(kAcceptLanguageList); ++i) {
    if (!l10n_util::IsLocaleNameTranslated(kAcceptLanguageList[i],
                                           display_locale))
      // TODO(jungshik) : Put them at the of the list with language codes
      // enclosed by brackets instead of skipping.
        continue;
    locale_codes->push_back(kAcceptLanguageList[i]);
  }
}

int GetLocalizedContentsWidthInPixels(int pixel_resource_id) {
  int width = 0;
  base::StringToInt(l10n_util::GetStringUTF8(pixel_resource_id), &width);
  DCHECK_GT(width, 0);
  return width;
}

}  // namespace l10n_util