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-/*===
-cexcept.h 2.0.0 (2001-Jul-12-Thu)
-Adam M. Costello <amc@cs.berkeley.edu>
-
-An interface for exception-handling in ANSI C (C89 and subsequent ISO
-standards), developed jointly with Cosmin Truta <cosmin@cs.toronto.edu>.
-
- Copyright (c) 2001 Adam M. Costello and Cosmin Truta. Everyone
- is hereby granted permission to do whatever they like with this
- file, provided that if they modify it they take reasonable steps to
- avoid confusing or misleading people about the authors, version,
- and terms of use of the derived file. The copyright holders make
- no guarantees regarding this file, and are not responsible for any
- damage resulting from its use.
-
-Only user-defined exceptions are supported, not "real" exceptions like
-division by zero or memory segmentation violations.
-
-If this interface is used by multiple .c files, they shouldn't include
-this header file directly. Instead, create a wrapper header file that
-includes this header file and then invokes the define_exception_type
-macro (see below), and let your .c files include that header file.
-
-The interface consists of one type, one well-known name, and six macros.
-
-
-define_exception_type(type_name);
-
- This macro is used like an external declaration. It specifies
- the type of object that gets copied from the exception thrower to
- the exception catcher. The type_name can be any type that can be
- assigned to, that is, a non-constant arithmetic type, struct, union,
- or pointer. Examples:
-
- define_exception_type(int);
-
- enum exception { out_of_memory, bad_arguments, disk_full };
- define_exception_type(enum exception);
-
- struct exception { int code; const char *msg; };
- define_exception_type(struct exception);
-
- Because throwing an exception causes the object to be copied (not
- just once, but twice), programmers may wish to consider size when
- choosing the exception type.
-
-
-struct exception_context;
-
- This type may be used after the define_exception_type() macro has
- been invoked. A struct exception_context must be known to both
- the thrower and the catcher. It is expected that there be one
- context for each thread that uses exceptions. It would certainly
- be dangerous for multiple threads to access the same context.
- One thread can use multiple contexts, but that is likely to be
- confusing and not typically useful. The application can allocate
- this structure in any way it pleases--automatic, static, or dynamic.
- The application programmer should pretend not to know the structure
- members, which are subject to change.
-
-
-struct exception_context *the_exception_context;
-
- The Try/Catch and Throw statements (described below) implicitly
- refer to a context, using the name the_exception_context. It is
- the application's responsibility to make sure that this name yields
- the address of a mutable (non-constant) struct exception_context
- wherever those statements are used. Subject to that constraint, the
- application may declare a variable of this name anywhere it likes
- (inside a function, in a parameter list, or externally), and may
- use whatever storage class specifiers (static, extern, etc) or type
- qualifiers (const, volatile, etc) it likes. Examples:
-
- static struct exception_context
- * const the_exception_context = &foo;
-
- { struct exception_context *the_exception_context = bar; ... }
-
- int blah(struct exception_context *the_exception_context, ...);
-
- extern struct exception_context the_exception_context[1];
-
- The last example illustrates a trick that avoids creating a pointer
- object separate from the structure object.
-
- The name could even be a macro, for example:
-
- struct exception_context ec_array[numthreads];
- #define the_exception_context (ec_array + thread_id)
-
- Be aware that the_exception_context is used several times by the
- Try/Catch/Throw macros, so it shouldn't be expensive or have side
- effects. The expansion must be a drop-in replacement for an
- identifier, so it's safest to put parentheses around it.
-
-
-void init_exception_context(struct exception_context *ec);
-
- For context structures allocated statically (by an external
- definition or using the "static" keyword), the implicit
- initialization to all zeros is sufficient, but contexts allocated
- by other means must be initialized using this macro before they
- are used by a Try/Catch statement. It does no harm to initialize
- a context more than once (by using this macro on a statically
- allocated context, or using this macro twice on the same context),
- but a context must not be re-initialized after it has been used by a
- Try/Catch statement.
-
-
-Try statement
-Catch (expression) statement
-
- The Try/Catch/Throw macros are capitalized in order to avoid
- confusion with the C++ keywords, which have subtly different
- semantics.
-
- A Try/Catch statement has a syntax similar to an if/else statement,
- except that the parenthesized expression goes after the second
- keyword rather than the first. As with if/else, there are two
- clauses, each of which may be a simple statement ending with a
- semicolon or a brace-enclosed compound statement. But whereas
- the else clause is optional, the Catch clause is required. The
- expression must be a modifiable lvalue (something capable of being
- assigned to) of the same type (disregarding type qualifiers) that
- was passed to define_exception_type().
-
- If a Throw that uses the same exception context as the Try/Catch is
- executed within the Try clause (typically within a function called
- by the Try clause), and the exception is not caught by a nested
- Try/Catch statement, then a copy of the exception will be assigned
- to the expression, and control will jump to the Catch clause. If no
- such Throw is executed, then the assignment is not performed, and
- the Catch clause is not executed.
-
- The expression is not evaluated unless and until the exception is
- caught, which is significant if it has side effects, for example:
-
- Try foo();
- Catch (p[++i].e) { ... }
-
- IMPORTANT: Jumping into or out of a Try clause (for example via
- return, break, continue, goto, longjmp) is forbidden--the compiler
- will not complain, but bad things will happen at run-time. Jumping
- into or out of a Catch clause is okay, and so is jumping around
- inside a Try clause. In many cases where one is tempted to return
- from a Try clause, it will suffice to use Throw, and then return
- from the Catch clause. Another option is to set a flag variable and
- use goto to jump to the end of the Try clause, then check the flag
- after the Try/Catch statement.
-
- IMPORTANT: The values of any non-volatile automatic variables
- changed within the Try clause are undefined after an exception is
- caught. Therefore, variables modified inside the Try block whose
- values are needed later outside the Try block must either use static
- storage or be declared with the "volatile" type qualifier.
-
-
-Throw expression;
-
- A Throw statement is very much like a return statement, except that
- the expression is required. Whereas return jumps back to the place
- where the current function was called, Throw jumps back to the Catch
- clause of the innermost enclosing Try clause. The expression must
- be compatible with the type passed to define_exception_type(). The
- exception must be caught, otherwise the program may crash.
-
- Slight limitation: If the expression is a comma-expression it must
- be enclosed in parentheses.
-
-
-Try statement
-Catch_anonymous statement
-
- When the value of the exception is not needed, a Try/Catch statement
- can use Catch_anonymous instead of Catch (expression).
-
-
-Everything below this point is for the benefit of the compiler. The
-application programmer should pretend not to know any of it, because it
-is subject to change.
-
-===*/
-
-
-#ifndef CEXCEPT_H
-#define CEXCEPT_H
-
-
-#include <setjmp.h>
-
-#define define_exception_type(etype) \
-struct exception_context { \
- jmp_buf *penv; \
- int caught; \
- volatile struct { etype etmp; } v; \
-}
-
-/* etmp must be volatile because the application might use automatic */
-/* storage for the_exception_context, and etmp is modified between */
-/* the calls to setjmp() and longjmp(). A wrapper struct is used to */
-/* avoid warnings about a duplicate volatile qualifier in case etype */
-/* already includes it. */
-
-#define init_exception_context(ec) ((void)((ec)->penv = 0))
-
-#define Try \
- { \
- jmp_buf *exception__prev, exception__env; \
- exception__prev = the_exception_context->penv; \
- the_exception_context->penv = &exception__env; \
- if (setjmp(exception__env) == 0) { \
- if (&exception__prev)
-
-#define exception__catch(action) \
- else { } \
- the_exception_context->caught = 0; \
- } \
- else { \
- the_exception_context->caught = 1; \
- } \
- the_exception_context->penv = exception__prev; \
- } \
- if (!the_exception_context->caught || action) { } \
- else
-
-#define Catch(e) exception__catch(((e) = the_exception_context->v.etmp, 0))
-#define Catch_anonymous exception__catch(0)
-
-/* Try ends with if(), and Catch begins and ends with else. This */
-/* ensures that the Try/Catch syntax is really the same as the */
-/* if/else syntax. */
-/* */
-/* We use &exception__prev instead of 1 to appease compilers that */
-/* warn about constant expressions inside if(). Most compilers */
-/* should still recognize that &exception__prev is never zero and */
-/* avoid generating test code. */
-
-#define Throw \
- for (;; longjmp(*the_exception_context->penv, 1)) \
- the_exception_context->v.etmp =
-
-
-#endif /* CEXCEPT_H */